Surface electromagnetic waves in optics

Bonch-Bruevich, Aleksei M.; Libenson, Mikhail N.; Makin, V. S.; Trubaev, V. V.

doi:10.1117/12.56133

Cited by 177 publications

(95 citation statements)

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“…Other possible mechanisms have been introduced to explain HSFL, such as self-organization [97,98], second-harmonic generation [99], and interference between laser light and surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) [100]. According to the SPP model, the periodicity of the FLIPSS is given by [100,101]:…”

Section: Periodic Nanostructuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Micro/Nano Structures on Metals by Femtosecond Laser Micromachining

2014

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Abstract:Femtosecond laser micromachining has emerged in recent years as a new technique for micro/nano structure fabrication because of its applicability to virtually all kinds of materials in an easy one-step process that is scalable. In the past, much research on femtosecond laser micromachining was carried out to understand the complex ablation mechanism, whereas recent works are mostly concerned with the fabrication of surface structures because of their numerous possible applications. The state-of-the-art knowledge on the fabrication of these structures on metals with direct femtosecond laser micromachining is reviewed in this article. The effect of various parameters, such as fluence, number of pulses, laser beam polarization, wavelength, incident angle, scan velocity, number of scans, and environment, on the formation of different structures is discussed in detail wherever possible. Furthermore, a guideline for surface structures optimization is provided. The authors' experimental work on laser-inscribed regular pattern fabrication is presented to give a complete picture of micromachining processes. Finally, possible applications of laser-machined surface structures in different fields are briefly reviewed.

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Section: Periodic Nanostructuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Micro/Nano Structures on Metals by Femtosecond Laser Micromachining

2014

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confidence: 99%

“…The first observation of LIPSS dates back to 1965 14 . However, after almost 50 years and a large body of published work that has demonstrated LIPSS on various metals, semiconductors and glasses [15][16][17][18][19] , the method has not found widespread use due to the stubborn problem of quality control 18,19 .Despite the evident role of self-assembly in the LIPSS process, uniformity and long-range order remain poor, a problem we identified as originating from the fact that the structures are initiated from multiple seed locations concurrently and independently, thereby producing an irregular pattern. Because the process is irreversible, without self-correction, these irregularities become frozen.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This constitutes another demonstration that unique technological capabilities can emerge naturally by exploitation of nonlinear photonic systems 7 . Although we optimized the process for the oxidation of titanium and tungsten under a regular atmosphere, many metals, semiconductors and dielectrics have been shown to support LIPSS formation [15][16][17][18][19] . In principle, any of these materials can be subjected to a variety of chemical reactions under a suitable atmosphere to fabricate nanostructures from a virtually inexhaustible list of material compositions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Nonlinear laser lithography for indefinitely large-area nanostructuring with femtosecond pulses

Öktem¹,

Pavlov²,

İlday³

et al. 2013

Nature Photon

300

211

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Dynamical systems based on the interplay of nonlinear feedback mechanisms are ubiquitous in nature [1][2][3][4][5] . Well-understood examples from photonics include mode locking 6 and a broad class of fractal optics 7 , including self-similarity 8 . In addition to the fundamental interest in such systems, fascinating technical functionalities that are difficult or even impossible to achieve with linear systems can emerge naturally from them 7 if the right control tools can be applied. Here, we demonstrate a method that exploits positive nonlocal feedback to initiate, and negative local feedback to regulate, the growth of ultrafast laser-induced metal-oxide nanostructures with unprecedented uniformity, at high speed, low cost and on non-planar or flexible surfaces. The nonlocal nature of the feedback allows us to stitch the nanostructures seamlessly, enabling coverage of indefinitely large areas with subnanometre uniformity in periodicity. We demonstrate our approach through the fabrication of titanium dioxide and tungsten oxide nanostructures, but it can also be extended to a large variety of other materials.The fabrication of nanostructures on surfaces is of paramount importance in nanotechnology and materials science 9 . There are several established techniques, including photolithography, electron-beam lithography, imprint lithography 10 and laser interference lithography 11 , as well as non-conventional approaches such as selfassembly 12 and direct laser writing 13 . These techniques require either high-cost, complex systems or offer limited flexibility. An alternative flexible and potentially very low-cost method is laserinduced periodic surface structuring (LIPSS). The first observation of LIPSS dates back to 1965 14 . However, after almost 50 years and a large body of published work that has demonstrated LIPSS on various metals, semiconductors and glasses [15][16][17][18][19] , the method has not found widespread use due to the stubborn problem of quality control 18,19 .Despite the evident role of self-assembly in the LIPSS process, uniformity and long-range order remain poor, a problem we identified as originating from the fact that the structures are initiated from multiple seed locations concurrently and independently, thereby producing an irregular pattern. Because the process is irreversible, without self-correction, these irregularities become frozen. Our solution to this relies on carefully exploiting feedback mechanisms to tightly regulate the formation of nanostructures induced by ultrashort pulses. This process can be summarized in three steps.(1) The laser beam, with a peak intensity close to the ablation threshold for titanium, is focused on a titanium surface, where it is scattered by existing nanostructures or any surface defects 15 . The interference of the scattered and incident fields leads to intensity variations in the immediate neighbourhood of the scattering point. (2) At points where the threshold intensity for ablation is exceeded, titanium reacts rapidly with O 2 from the air, form...

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“…[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] A number of mechanisms have been proposed for LIPSS formation in the second category. All these mechanisms rely on spatial distribution of laser intensity over the surface produced either by appropriate focusing or passing the laser beam through a special mask, 17 or due to the interference of incident electromagnetic wave with the wave associated with surface vibrations, 18 scattered light, 19 or the waveguide mode(s). 10 Interference is usually invoked to explain periodicity of LIPSS and the fact that their period is close to the wavelength of incident light.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%