Surface coated rigid polyurethane foam with durable flame retardancy and improved mechanical property

Wang, Shuheng; Wang, Xingguo; Wang, Xuan; Li, Hongfei; Sun, Jun; Sun, Wenxiang; Yuan, Yao; Gu, Xiaoyu

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.123755

Cited by 83 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The UL94 flammability test involves the ignition of specimens of a specific size, whose burning durations are added to determine whether a material meets the UL94 standard and whether melt-dripping occurs (as evidenced by a cotton layer beneath the specimen being ignited by drips of molten material). On the basis of the test results, the flammability is rated as V-0, V-1, V-2, or fail [ 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as a Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials

et al. 2021

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Fish scales (FSs) are fishery wastes that can cause environmental pollution. This study aimed to solve this environmental problem. FSs were used as a flame retardant for polymer materials, making them valuable. Fish scales were combined with a commercial flame retardant, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), through synergistic effects to reduce the amount of commercial flame retardant. The use of FSs conforms to the concept of a circular economy and lowers costs by reducing the consumption of APP. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT), pyrolysis kinetics, limiting oxygen index (LOI), the Underwriters Laboratories 94 (UL94) flammability test, scanning election microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine the thermal properties, flame retardant properties, flame retardant mechanism, char morphology, and composition of the composites. The TGA results indicated that the addition of 40% flame retardant raised the char residue from 16.45 wt.% (pure EP) to 36.07 wt.%; IPDT from 685.6 °C (pure EP) to 1143.1°C; LOI from 21% (pure EP) to 30%; and UL94 classification from fail (pure EP) to V-0. These results suggest an increase in char residue, which indicates better protection of the polymer matrix material. The improvements in IPDT, LOI, and UL94 classification, which indicate greater thermal stability, lower flammability (from flammable to fireproof), and higher flammability rating (from fail to V-0), respectively, suggest that the composite material has favorable thermal properties and is less inflammable.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as a Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials

et al. 2021

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“…Studies have shown that free foaming can lead to uneven foam density, and the addition of flame retardants can affect the foaming rate of matrix. Mechanical properties are important parameters in the application of materials (Xiong et al, 2019;Chen et al, 2020b;Wang et al, 2020). It could be seen that the compressive strength of the sample changed after MAPP-30 or MAPP-1000 was added to RPUF.…”

Section: The Mechanical Properties Of Pure Rpuf and Rpuf Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rigid Polyurethane Foams Containing Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate Having Outstanding Charring Ability and Increased Flame Retardancy

Yang

Shao

2021

Front. Mater.

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Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with different polymerization degrees were modified by a novel phosphorus-containing organosilicon compound (PCOC), and the products obtained were coded as MAPP-30 and MAPP-1000. Then they were applied to prepare flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) separately. The impact of modified APP (MAPP) on the flame-retardant properties of RPUF was investigated by the limited oxygen index (LOI) test, horizontal burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The morphologies of the char residues were observed by SEM. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of RPUF composites were measured by the compressive strength test. The results showed that whether the degree of polymerization of MAPP is 30 or 1000, they both had greater charring ability and better flame-retardant properties than unmodified APP. The residual char yield of RPUF/MAPP-30 (37.3%) and RPUF/MAPP-1000 (36.5%) were both significantly higher than RPUF/APP-30 (22.8%) and RPUF/APP-1000 (24.9%). The peak heat release rate value of RPUF/MAPP-30 was 29.9% lower than that of RPUF/APP-30, and the drop of RPUF/MAPP-1000 was 50.9% compared to RPUF/APP-1000. Moreover, the total heat release of RPUF/MAPP-1000 (9.7 MJ/m2) was much lower than that of RPUF/MAPP-30 (11.3 MJ/m2). In summary, MAPP-1000 has the best flame-retardant properties among all RPUF composites. In addition, the results also showed that flame-retardant performance and the mechanical properties dramatically decreased with the increase in the addition of MAPP-1000, and the RPUF composite had the best comprehensive performance with 20% content of MAPP-1000.

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“…On the basis of the test results, the flammability is rated as V-0, V-1, V-2, or fail. [14][15] A specimen is burnt for 10 sec, after which the heat source is removed. The time from the removal of the heat source until the burning stops is recorded (t1).…”

Section: Ipdt [11-12]mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials

Liu¹,

Shen²,

Yang³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In this study, a composite flame retardant was created by combining fish scale (FS), fishery waste, and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a commercially available flame retardant. The composite flame retardant was added to epoxy resin (EP) to form an EP/APP/FS composite that prevents burns and is environmentally friendly. The use of FS conforms to the concept of circular economy and lowers costs by reducing the consumption of APP. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT), pyrolysis kinetics, limiting oxygen index (LOI), the Underwriters Laboratories 94 (UL94) flammability test, scanning election microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine the thermal properties, flame retardant properties, flame retardant mechanism, char morphology, and composition of the composites. The TGA results indicated that the addition of 40% flame retardant raised the char residue from 16.45 wt% (pure EP) to 36.07 wt%, IPDT from 685.6 °C (pure EP) to 1143.1°C, LOI from 21% (pure EP) to 30%, and UL94 classification from fail (pure EP) to V-0. These results suggest an increase in char residue, which indicates better protection of the polymer matrix material. The improvements in IPDT, LOI, and UL94 classification, which indicate greater thermal stability, lower flammability (from flammable to fireproof), and higher flammability rating (from fail to V-0), respectively, suggest that the composite material has favorable thermal properties and is less inflammable.

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Surface coated rigid polyurethane foam with durable flame retardancy and improved mechanical property

Cited by 83 publications

References 52 publications

A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as a Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials

A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as a Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials

Rigid Polyurethane Foams Containing Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate Having Outstanding Charring Ability and Increased Flame Retardancy

A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials

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