Surface Chemistry of Vitamin: Pyridoxal 5′‐Phosphate (Vitamin B₆) as a Multifunctional Compound for Surface Functionalization

Abstract

Vitamins are non‐toxic compounds that perform a variety of biological functions and also available in a large quantity. Other than the usage as food supplements, few attempts have been made to use them as functional materials. In this study, we report that vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP), is a multi‐functional molecule for oxide surface chemistry. PLP‐immobilized surfaces exhibit superhydrophilicity and even hemophilicity, enhancing proliferation, migration, and differentiation of mammalian cells. Unlike existing molecules used so far in surface modification, PLP has an intrinsic chemical reactivity toward biomacromolecules due to the presence of the aldehyde group. In fact, RGD peptide is covalently tethered onto PLP surfaces directly in one step without any chemical activation. Furthermore, PLP‐functionalized implant device showed rapid bone healing. As vitamin B6 is a FDA approved molecule for human usage, the surface chemistry of vitamin B6 potentially allows a fast route for surface functionalized medical devices into clinic.

Plant Flavonoid-Mediated Multifunctional Surface Modification Chemistry: Catechin Coating for Enhanced Osteogenesis of Human Stem Cells

“…Osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs and characterization of the differentiated stem cells were performed as previously described with minor modifications . For in vitro osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs, the cells were seeded (1.5 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 ) and induced to differentiate to the osteogenic lineage by culturing them in osteogenic induction medium (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium [DMEM], high-glucose [Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, USA], supplemented with 100 nM dexamethasone [Sigma], 50 μg/mL l -ascorbic acid [Sigma], 10 mM β-glycerophosphate [Sigma], 10% [v/v] fetal bovine serum [FBS, Gibco], 3.7 g/L sodium bicarbonate [Sigma], and 1% [v/v] penicillin/streptomycin [Gibco]) when cells reached 70% confluency.…”

“…The cells were further stained with Alexa-Fluor 488- and 594-conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen) and DAPI, and then examined using confocal microscopy (Carl Zeiss). qPCR was performed with osteogenic marker genes (human COL I [ COL1A2 ; Hs01028969_m1], human OPN [ OPN ; Hs00959010_m1], and human osteocalcin [ OCN ; Hs01587814_g1]) and endogenous control (human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [ GAPDH ; Hs02758991_g1]) as previously reported . Calcium deposition by the differentiated hADSCs was evaluated and calculated using alizarin red staining and image processing as previously described …”

“…Electrostatic interaction with polycations ( e.g. , poly- l -lysine, poly- l -ornithine) have been used for surface functionalization of substrates and scaffolds; however, this method may cause cytotoxicity. , Covalent grafting of bioactive molecules on the substrate allows for more stable immobilization and long-lasting functionality of adhered molecules for cellular adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation. − However, covalent modifications usually require complicated chemical reactions, treatment with γ-rays or plasma, and the use of strong acids/bases, which alter intrinsic surface properties and denature the bioactive molecules. − The efficiency of this strategy is also entirely dependent upon the type of surface material used. , Therefore, the development of a novel, simple surface modification chemistry in a material-independent manner with biocompatible and cost-effective compounds is ideal for the generation of functional scaffolds with tissue-engineering applications.…”

Role of Pyridoxal 5′‐Phosphate at the Titanium Implant Interface In Vivo: Increased Hemophilicity, Inactive Platelet Adhesion, and Osteointegration

“…Interestingly, at least one cyclic tertiary amine group commonly exists in the P11, P12, and P13 molecules ( Figure a). This tertiary amine is protonated at pH 7.4, which provides hydro‐ and hemophilic properties to TiO 2 fixtures . Previous studies have reported that phosphonic acid forms stable monolayer on metal oxide surfaces .…”

A Brief Review on the Evolution of Metallic Dental Implants: History, Design, and Application

“…Dental implants were also covered with molecules including fibronectin, collagens, Arginine-Glycine-aspartic acid to further strengthen the attachment of osteoblast cells (Bonfante et al, 2012). Activation of TiO 2 to facilitate osteointegration of bone implants with vitamin B6 [pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)] is another way, PLP assists serum albumin and other plasma protein surface binding and produces a suitable medium for adherence to osteoblasts, delayed platelet activation, and blood clotting via its aldehyde community of ship-based formations (Lee et al, 2015). Ti implants functionalization in human pluripotent mediated progenitor-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iPSC-MP) enhances the growth of stem cells, influenced gene and differentiation production, and facilitated the development of alkaline phosphatase (Ingrassia et al, 2017).…”