Role of Pyridoxal 5′‐Phosphate at the Titanium Implant Interface In Vivo: Increased Hemophilicity, Inactive Platelet Adhesion, and Osteointegration

Abstract

Titanium is the most biocompatible inorganic biomaterial with a long history of use in orthopedic and dental implants. However, promoting rapid and effective bone formation and integration onto etched, rough TiO surfaces has been a challenging topic. Here, 21 commercially available molecules are examined that met the following criteria: (1) contain phosphonic acid for stable immobilization onto TiO surfaces and (2) have a molecular weight less than 500 Da for negligible coating thickness. Of these molecules, the surface immobilization of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), an active form of vitamin B , dramatically increases the hemophilic property of the surface and accelerated osteointegration in vivo. Analysis shows that PLP promotes surface binding of serum albumin and other plasma proteins by Schiff-base formations via its aldehyde group, providing a platform suitable for osteoblast adhesion. PLP also retards blood coagulation more than the widely used citric acid at the TiO surface. As PLP is capable of maintaining an inactivated status of surface-adsorbed platelets, delayed coagulation at the implant-blood interface allows for sufficient supply of growth factors from blood plasma and migration of osteoblasts. The results suggest that PLP can be widely applicable as a biocompatible, effective coating compound to promote osteointegration of titanium-based implants.

Tissue Engineering Therapies Based on Folic Acid and Other Vitamin B Derivatives. Functional Mechanisms and Current Applications in Regenerative Medicine

“…Modifying the surface of Ti implants with bioactive molecules such as B-vitamins has been shown to improve the biocompatibility of bone implants. In this context, Lee et al chose over 21 molecules to use pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), an active form of vitamin B 6 , to produce PLP-functionalized TiO 2 [24]. They found that when in contact with human blood, PLP established links with platelets and plasma proteins such as albumin.…”

Biomaterials Regulating Bone Hematoma for Osteogenesis

“…[69] The effect on clot formation could maintain blood fluidity at the contacting surface for a longer time and allow adequate protein adsorption and cell attachment for the subsequent osteogenic healing. [70] Therefore, the precisely controlled nanodimensions of NTs could mediate bone formation events such as hematoma to achieve a favorable molecular response and enhanced osseointegration.…”

“…[77] To screen suitable molecules for promoting rapid bone formation and effective integration into a rough Ti surface, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) was selected from 21 commercially available molecules, which showed remarkably improved hemophilic property and enhanced osteointegration in vivo. [70] Attention was paid to PLP-bound blood proteins. There was a large proportion of negatively charged proteins, human serum albumin (HSA), 2 -HS glycoprotein (AHSG), and 1 -acid glycoprotein (AGP) attached to PLP surfaces (Figure 4).…”

Biomimetic Artificial Basilar Membranes for Next‐Generation Cochlear Implants

“…In addition, the ABMs should be able to sense a wider frequency range of 100 Hz to 8 kHz, and be sensitive enough to detect sound with a minimum of ≈40 dB SPL . Packaging for chemical and electrical stability and subsequent verification of long‐term biocompatibility are also essential . In addition to optimizing the ABM itself, research on the whole CI system should be performed for the development of next‐generation devices.…”