Surface bound radicals, char yield and particulate size from the burning of tobacco cigarette

Jebet, Audriy; Kibet, Joshua K.; Ombaka, Lucy M.; Kinyanjui, Thomas

doi:10.1186/s13065-017-0311-3

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Thus at elevated temperatures, the major reaction by-product is largely carbonaceous while at lower temperatures (in this case, below 500 °C) the principle components of pyrolysis are the constituents of tar and incondensable gases such as CO 2 , CO, methane, and hydrogen [27, 28]. In the entire pyrolysis temperature, isoindazole yielded ~ 730 µg while 1-methyl isoindzaole yielded 336 µg within the same temperature range.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic formation of hazardous molecular heterocyclic amines from high temperature pyrolysis of model biomass materials: cellulose and tyrosine

et al. 2019

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BackgroundResearch inventories on the co-pyrolysis of major biomass components such as cellulose with amino acid materials is scarce in literature despite the fact that such studies are critical in understanding toxic product relations from high temperature cooking, combustion of bio-fuels, cigarette smoking and forest fires. This paper explores, quantitatively, the yields of heterocyclic nitrogenated molecular reaction products of grave mutagenetic concern from the co-pyrolysis of model biomass materials; tyrosine and cellulose. Research has established that heterocyclic amines such as isocyanates are mutagens as well precursors for asthma, and other respiratory disorders.MethodsAn equimassic mixture of tyrosine and cellulose (50 ± 2 mg) by weight were pyrolyzed in a tubular quartz reactor in flowing nitrogen at 1 atm. Besides, varying combinations of tyrosine and cellulose in the ratios 3:1 and 1:3 were also explored for comparison. The reaction time was set at 2 s so as to simulate combustions events in nature. The pyrolysate was collected over 5 mL dichloromethane and characterized using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer detector.ResultsEvidently, it was noted that 1-methylindazole was released in high yields at 300 °C, constituting ~ 300 µg in the entire pyrolysis temperature range (200–700 °C). Nonetheless, isoindazole gave the highest yield ~ 730 µg while 1-naphthyl isocyanate gave a total yield of ~ 336 µg in the same temperature range. Remarkably, the change in char yield between 300 and 450 °C for the pyrolysis of 25% tyrosine in 75% cellulose was found to be ~ 48% whereas the change in char yield for the pyrolysis of 75% tyrosine in 25% cellulose was 49%.ConclusionThe char and tar yields considered important residues of biomass burning have been reported in this study and found to be consistent with other research output in literature. The striking similarities of % yield of char across all temperatures for various combinations was the most significant observation in this investigation—char yield was independent of the mixing ratio during pyrolysis. From a mechanistic standpoint, it was noted that tyrosine inhibited cellulose based nitrogenated products. Thus N-products dominated the O-products.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic formation of hazardous molecular heterocyclic amines from high temperature pyrolysis of model biomass materials: cellulose and tyrosine

et al. 2019

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“…The formation of smoke from a burning cigarette depends on a series of mechanisms, including the generation of toxic by pyrolysis and combustion, aerosol formation, and physical mass transfer processes. It is therefore evident from this investigation that cigarette smoke contains surface bound radicals considered harmful to the health of cigarette smokers products [2]. Oxidative stress occurs whenever the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds endogenous antioxidant capacity [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The formation of smoke from a burning cigarette depends on a series of mechanisms, including the generation of by pyrolysis and combustion, aerosol formation, and physical mass transfer processes products [2]. It is known that cigarette smoking leads to various diseases because of the free radicals it contains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination of 2-oxoglutarate/ascorbic acid/5-hydroxy-methyl-furfur-aldehyde/carnosine inhibits protein oxidation during radical exposure of cigarette smoke

Greilberger¹,

Wintersteiger²,

Ortner³

et al. 2018

Integr Mol Med

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Exposure to cigarette smoke increase the formation of oxidatively modified proteins, lipids, DNA/RNA and carbohydrates in humans. These toxic substances are involved in several pathologies such as, e.g., cancer. Antioxidative supplementation is known to decrease the formation of oxidatively modified proteins, namely, carbonyl proteins. A newly developed combination of 2-oxoglutarate/ascorbic acid/5-hydroxy-methyl-furfur-aldehyde/carnosine was estimated as to the protection of generated carbonyl proteins in vivo and in vitro.Methods: Carbonyl protein content in human plasma of 15 smokers and 15 non-smokers were estimated with the Carbonylprotein ELISA, and in erythrocyte proteins with the spectro-photometically method. 15 smokers were randomly assigned to drink the combination of 2-oxoglutarate/ascorbic acid/5-hydroxy-methylfurfur-aldehyde over 4 weeks. Plasma carbonyl proteins were measured before and after 2 and 4 weeks of supplementation.In vitro studies of cigarette smoke modified proteins in absence or presence of the combination of 2-oxoglutarate/ascorbic acid/5-hydroxy-methyl-furfur-aldehyde/ carnosine or the separate substances 2-oxoglutarate, ascorbic acid, and 5-hydroxy-methyl-furfur-aldehyde were measured with the carbonyl protein spectrophotometically method before, after 2, 15 and 30 minutes.Results: Carbonyl protein in plasma was significantly higher in smokers (448±223 pmol/mg) as compared to non-smokers (191±40 pmol/mg; p<0.02), highly significant in erythrocyte proteins (26.8±12.9 nmol/mg vs. 12.1±0.3 nmol/mg; p<0.001). After 4 weeks the supplemented group showed significant lower carbonyl proteins (228±11 pmol/mg) as compared to the non-supplemented (325±45 pmol/mg; p<0.001).In vitro, smoking of BSA solution showed a significant reduction of generated carbonyl proteins in the presence of the combined supplements after 2 min. (2.18±0.34 nmol/mg vs. 5.94 nmol/mg±0.43 nmol/mg; p<0.001), 15 (2.81±0.31 nmol/mg vs. 7.96±0.79 nmol/mg; p<0.001), 30 min. (3.39±0.32 nmol/mg vs. 9.89 nmol/ mg±0.07 nmol/mg; p<0.001) and 60 min. (3.85±0.63 nmol/mg vs. 11.51 nmol/mg±0.94 nmol/mg; p<0.001) compared to BSA solution without supplements. Using seperate substances at concentrations of 0.106 mM 2-oxo-glutarate showed a significant reduction of carbonyl proteins after 2 min. (48.5%), 15 min. (52.3%), 30 min. (54.6%) and 60 min. (54.7%) incubation with cigarette smoke, vitamin C: 2 min. (41,4%), 15 min. (41.8%), 30 min. (42.7%) and 60 min. (45.0%). 5-HMF: 2 (13.8%), 15 (12.3%), 30 (7.8%) and 60 min. (10.9%). Conclusion:In vivo study in smokers and in vitro studies showed a significant reduction of oxidatively modified proteins in the presence of a combined supplement mixture containing 2-oxoglutarate/ascorbic acid/5-hydroxy-methyl-furfur-aldehyde/carnosine.

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“…All EPR spectra were obtained with a magnetic field modulation of 100 kHz, 1 mW microwave power, 20 G modulation amplitude and scans of 4 min. The details of EPR experiments are reported elsewhere [21,36].…”

Section: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Binary Mixtures of Biodiesel and Fossil Diesel for Clean Energy Combustion

2019

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There is an urgent interest initiated to develop clean energy resources with the aim of reducing exposure to environmental pollutants and explore model fuels that can hasten the achievement of clean energy combustion. This work investigates various ratios of biodiesel and commercial diesel in order to propose model binary fuels for clean energy combustion. Accordingly, diesel blends of ratios 1:1, 3:2 and 2:3 were each pyrolyzed at a contact time of 5 s in a quartz reactor at 1 atmosphere pressure. A model temperature of 500 °C was explored in these experiments. The charcoal content for pure fossil diesel was compared with the binary diesel residue. Gas-phase molecular components were determined using Gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a mass selective detector (MSD). Elemental composition of thermal char was determined using Smart Elemental Analyzer. Radical intensities for the three types of char (biochar, bio-fossil char, and fossil char) were measured using an X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer. It was noted that at a ratio of 2:3 (Biodiesel: Fossil diesel), harmful molecular products reduced significantly, 76-99%. Elemental analysis data indicated that the carbon content from commercial diesel was very high (≈ 70.61%) as compared to approximately 53% for biodiesel-fossil diesel mixture in the same ratio 2:3. Interestingly, the free radical content was reduced by nearly 50% in favour of the biodiesel/fossil diesel mixture. These results are encouraging and suggest that a better optimized fuel mixture has been found for better clean energy combustion.

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Surface bound radicals, char yield and particulate size from the burning of tobacco cigarette

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

Mechanistic formation of hazardous molecular heterocyclic amines from high temperature pyrolysis of model biomass materials: cellulose and tyrosine

Mechanistic formation of hazardous molecular heterocyclic amines from high temperature pyrolysis of model biomass materials: cellulose and tyrosine

Combination of 2-oxoglutarate/ascorbic acid/5-hydroxy-methyl-furfur-aldehyde/carnosine inhibits protein oxidation during radical exposure of cigarette smoke

Optimization of Binary Mixtures of Biodiesel and Fossil Diesel for Clean Energy Combustion

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