Surface analysis of paper documents damaged by foxing

Buzio, Renato; Calvini, Paolo; Ferroni, A.; Valbusa, U.

doi:10.1007/s00339-004-2540-2

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In fact, sometimes biological attack is the only factor observed, while in others metal-induced degradation is present and interaction between both factors can also be found [5]. During the last few decades, different analytical techniques have been used for the study of the foxing processes; nevertheless there is still much to be done [4,5]. Four different foxed papers from the XX century, labelled P1, P2, P3 and P7, were studied.…”

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Multi-analytical characterization of paper samples exhibiting foxing stains

Relvas

Nunes

Figueira³

et al. 2015

Microsc Microanal

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Deterioration of graphical documents can occur naturally as a result of aging, but it can be accelerated by poor manufacturing constituents or conditions. One indicator of deterioration can be discoloration or staining of the surface [1][2][3]. Among these paper discoloration processes is foxing, which has been actively researched since the 1930s. Our attention herein is focused on trying to elucidate its causes and to establish protocols for detection, prevention and treatment. This foxing phenomenon occurs in the form of small isolated patches of discoloration that are typically rust, brown or yellowish toned and limited in size, with sharp or jagged edges; it is often punctiform and sometimes circular [4]. A long discussion about the origin of foxing has been undertaken, being the major causes attributed to fungal activity or to chemical origin. In fact, sometimes biological attack is the only factor observed, while in others metal-induced degradation is present and interaction between both factors can also be found [5]. During the last few decades, different analytical techniques have been used for the study of the foxing processes; nevertheless there is still much to be done [4,5]. Four different foxed papers from the XX century, labelled P1, P2, P3 and P7, were studied. Characterization of paper samples and morphological aspects of foxing was undertaken by analytical techniques and imaging: photography and macro-photography under standard light, UV/Vis fluorescence light and raking light; light microscopy; variable pressure scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (VP-SEM/EDS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR). Biological colonization was also studied in order to evaluate the influence of microorganisms in foxing. Photographic imaging allowed to evaluate the natural colours of paper samples and their state of degradation, namely, the presence of dirt, foxing stains, wear, and others (Table 1). The foxing stains of P3 sample were the only ones to exhibit fluorescence under UV light. Morphological aspects of the foxing stains were observed by SEM/EDS operating in variable pressure conditions (pressure of 20 Pa in the chamber). Two different typologies were devised. In samples P1, P2 and P3, fibre disruption was observed in the foxed areas (Figure 1), when compared with the non-affected areas of those samples. As to sample P7, a localized accumulation of particles was observed in the foxed areas, which were confirmed to be a calcium salt due to Ca detection by EDS analysis. Different fillers used in paper production were also estimated through EDS. ATR-FT-IR complemented the study and was particularly adequate to evaluate the existence of biotic attack in the foxed areas of all the papers. ATR-FT-IR was also able to supply information about the fillers and the FT-IR bands related to cellulose suggesting alterations of the cellulose structure in the foxed areas (Figure 2). Fungi belonging to the main genera Penicillium sp. were iso...

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confidence: 99%

Multi-analytical characterization of paper samples exhibiting foxing stains

Relvas

Nunes

Figueira³

et al. 2015

Microsc Microanal

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“…Other workers have used atomic spectroscopy to examine the role of iron with this problem [9][10][11]. Buzio et al [12] have reported on the use of attenuated total reflectance infrared (IR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy for studying chemical and physical properties of foxing stains.…”

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confidence: 98%

Assessing stains on historical documents using hyperspectral imaging

Goltz

Attas

Young³

et al. 2010

Journal of Cultural Heritage

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“…The advantage of this technique is its capacity to investigate directly samples without preparation. Some authors have already used FTIR analyses to study the foxing phenomenon and highlighted the presence of oxide groups (Bicchieri et al, 2002;Buzio et al, 2004;Manso et al, 2009). The scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis was used for comparative elemental composition assessment of papers inside and outside the foxing stains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%