Supramolecular Antibacterial Materials for Combatting Antibiotic Resistance

Abstract

Antibiotics have been widely used in the treatment and prevention of pathogenic infections since the 1940s. [21] Over the years, complicated semisynthesis and chemical modification of natural products have been the main methods used to discover new antibiotics for the treatment of infections, such as bacterial pneumonia, dysentery, gonorrhea, and other pathogen-related diseases. [22,23] However, widespread antibiotic resistance, developed because of the overprescription and unnecessary off-purpose use in livestock production, has invalidated the use of many of these substances. Thus, new approaches are being

Titanium Incorporation into Zr‐Porphyrinic Metal–Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Antibacterial Activity against Multidrug‐Resistant Pathogens

“…The wound infected by both MRSA and MDR E. coli significantly decreased in size after 7‐day healing by the dressing of PCN‐224(Zr/Ti)@PLGA, and mostly recovered after another 7 d. In contrast, the wound size of the controls only slightly decreased after 7 d, and still showed the trait of injury after another 7 d. The remnant bacteria in the infected wound was determined by spread‐plate counting based on the statistical analysis, with those treated by PCN‐224(Zr/Ti)@PLGA decrease much faster than the controls (Figure C). Furthermore, the inflammatory cytokines including TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐1β as well as the total protein were accessed, which are commonly regarded as the critical indexes to evaluate inflammatory diseases . Notably, all the three cytokines are pro‐inflammatory, while IL‐6 is also a potent inducer of the acute‐phase protein response as well as anti‐inflammatory cytokine .…”

Membrane‐Anchoring Photosensitizer with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Characteristics for Combating Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria

“…Traditional methods to treat bacterial infections, such as antibiotic treatment, have shown limitations in clinical applications because of drug resistance . Among the emerging antibacterial therapeutic methods, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted increasing attention .…”

“…Among the emerging antibacterial therapeutic methods, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted increasing attention . It utilizes photosensitizers (PSs) to produce toxic reactive oxygen species for antibacterial treatment, which has shown great potential due to the non‐invasive nature of PDT, negligible drug resistance, low systemic toxicity, and minimal side effects . Conventional PSs, such as TMPyP and Toluidine blue O have been used to kill bacteria with moderate effectiveness .…”

“…Detailed studies reveal that their killing efficiency can be significantly enhanced when the probes can selectively target cell organelles, such as the cytoplasmic membrane and mitochondria, compared to those distributed in the cell cytoplasm. This is due to the short lifetimes and small effective radii of the reactive oxygen species . Motivated by the initial success, we and others have further developed AIE probes to detect and kill bacteria .…”

“…The antibacterial performance of TBD‐anchor is superior to many reports in the literature, such as the conjugated polyelectrolyte‐based system and other non‐AIE PSs . Therefore, TBD‐anchor is one of the most effective antibacterial photosensitizers reported so far (Supporting Information, Table S1) …”