“…Since that time, considerable clinical (Critchley et al, 2003;Macey et al, 2008;Norris et al, 1978;Norton et al, 2013;Oppenheimer et al, 1991;Soros and Hachinski, 2012;Woo et al, 2003), and experimental work in rodents (Cechetto and Saper, 1990) outlined the functional cardiovascular outcomes due to stimulation of, or damage to, the insula, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal regions. Benarroch (1993) outlined the "central autonomic network" as a group of brainstem and supramedullary regions suspected of being associated with modulation over the autonomic nervous system, although with less emphasis on forebrain or parietal regions than provided by others Cechetto, 1995a,1995b;Cechetto and Chen, 1995;Oppenheimer et al, 1991;Verberne et al, 1987Verberne et al, , 1988Verberne et al, , 1997.…”