Supra Rough Membership Relations and Supra Fuzzy Digraphs on Related Topologies

Sarmad, Samah; Yousif, Y. Y.

doi:10.24996/ijs.2020.si.1.5

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Kanstrup and Thomas 93 indicated that such a transition across the EU could be implemented within 3-4 years of passage of an EU regulation applied to wetland hunting. The introduction of a comprehensive regulation restricting the importation, sale, carrying and use of lead ammunition for all hunting would substantially facilitate monitoring, enforcement and compliance and seen, for example, in Denmark after the total ban of use, sale and possession of lead gunshot 94 . The burden of responsibility would include importers and retailers and this is far easier and more cost effective to monitor and enforce than partial bans where activities need to be monitored at the level of the individual hunter.…”

Section: Eu Regulatory Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promoting the Transition to Non-Lead Hunting Ammunition in the European Union Through Regulation and Policy Options

Thomas

Kanstrup

Pain

2021

EPL

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Regulation (EU) 2021/57, banning the use of lead gunshot in wetland hunting, and adoption of the proposed European Union (EU) restriction on lead ammunition use by civilians in other types of hunting and target shooting, would complete the transition to non-lead ammunition use in the EU and ensure major compliance among hunters and shooters. The transition is possible since non-lead substitutes for all types of shotgun and rifle ammunition are produced already by leading European manufacturers. To ensure ammunition non-toxicity, EU standards are needed for lead substitutes to accompany both existing and potential future lead ammunition restrictions. Meat from wild game birds and mammals is a large and important commodity in the EU. Setting a maximum lead level in all marketed game meats under Regulation (EC) 1881/2006, aided by mandatory food labelling, would add extra health protection to human consumers. This regulatory step would help ensure that all wild game destined for retail markets were taken with non-lead ammunition, would complement existing and proposed European Commission restrictions on lead hunting ammunition and aid monitoring and enforcement. Increased public awareness of the risks posed by lead from ammunition to the health of humans, wildlife, and the environment, and especially their associated externalized costs to society, would promote and facilitate the passage of regulation to protect human and environmental health from toxic lead ammunition.

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Section: Eu Regulatory Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promoting the Transition to Non-Lead Hunting Ammunition in the European Union Through Regulation and Policy Options

Thomas

Kanstrup

Pain

2021

EPL

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“…102 TFEU followed by the CJEU since Intel, 101 in MEO, the Court added that the competition enforcer should take into consideration "all the relevant circumstances" in order to determine whether price discrimination may produce a competitive disadvantage that distorts competition in the downstream market. 102 By analogy with Intel, the CJEU ruled that the competition agency should take the following elements into consideration in its analysis: 103 -the negotiating power of the customer of the dominant firm as regards the tariffs.…”

Section: Iiia2 Competitive Disadvantagementioning

confidence: 99%

Nondiscrimination in Standard Essential Patents; ND Prong V. Art. 102(C) TFEU

Botta¹

2021

Journal of Competition Law &Amp; Economics

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The article analyses the meaning of the nondiscriminatory principle in disputes concerning Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) under EU competition and contract law (that is, ND prong). The article reviews the economics literature, looking at the welfare effect of price discrimination and the interpretation of the ND prong provided by a number of economists. Secondly, the article analyses the case law of the EU Court of Justice on Art. 102(c) TFEU and recent rulings by the German and British courts concerning the scope of the application of the ND prong. A strategy of discrimination in regard to royalty rates may be sanctioned, both under competition and contract law. However, Art. 102(c) requires a higher burden of proof than contract law. As a consequence, it is unsurprising that no case of royalty rate discrimination has ever been sanctioned in Europe as an abuse of dominance. While courts and economists generally agree that the ND prong is applicable only when licensees are “similarly situated,” to date, there is no common understanding of the meaning of this expression. In particular, it is unclear whether, and to what extent, licensees are “similarly situated” if they are not competitors in the downstream market.

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“…As the applications have been increasingly appearing in multiple aspects in mathematics, there has been a growing interest in this concept [13,14]. Our research topic has further relations with additional previous works [15,16]. In this paper, we introduce the concept of cutpoints, with the topological viewpoint in -connected topological spaces, and study separations and connectedness in the -topological spaces.…”

Section: -Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%