Suppressive Effects of Amarouciaxanthin A on 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation through Down-regulation of PPARγ and C/EBPα mRNA Expression

Abstract

Fucoxanthin is converted to fucoxanthinol and amarouciaxanthin A in mice. It was previously reported that fucoxanthinol attenuated the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. However, the effects of amarouciaxanthin A on adipocyte differentiation have not been clarified. This study examined the effects of amarouciaxanthin A on 3T3-L1 adipogenesis by comparing the effects of fucoxanthinol, isofucoxanthinol, and amarouciaxanthin B. Amarouciaxanthin A significantly decreased glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity, which was measured as an indicator of adipocyte differentiation. The suppressive effect of amarouciaxanthin A was stronger than that of fucoxanthinol, amarouciaxanthin B, and isofucoxanthinol. The mRNA expressions of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and glucose-transporter 4 (Glut4) in 3T3-L1 cells were markedly down-regulated by amarouciaxanthin A compared to fucoxanthinol. Furthermore, the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα),, which are the key adipogenic transcriptional factors, were also decreased by amarouciaxanthin A during adipocyte differentiation. These results show that amarouciaxanthin A, which is a dominant metabolite of fucoxanthin in white adipose tissue, suppressed 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation.

Role of PPARγ in the nutritional and pharmacological actions of carotenoids

“…Combined with their results on fucoxanthin and fucoxanthinol, they suggested that carotenoids containing an allene bond and an additional hydroxyl substituent on the side group may show suppressive effects on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3L1 cells. [102][103][104]117 It should be noted that their observation is not in agreement with the results obtained by Shirakura et al using β-cryptoxanthin 101 or García-Rojas et al using lutein in a bovine adipocyte-differentiation system, in which 30 µM lutein increased PPARγ mRNA expression. 62 Perhaps the hydroxyl group at the third position of the ionone ring is also important for carotenoid effects.…”

“…Fucoxanthin and its metabolites, fucoxanthinol and amarouciaxanthin A, inhibited the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3L1 cells through downregulation of PPARγ and C/EBPα. [102][103][104] Interestingly, Kang et al reported that fucoxanthin from the edible brown seaweed Petalonia binghamiae promoted 3T3L1 adipocyte differentiation, increased triglyceride accumulation, and increased protein levels of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP1C, and AP2, and adiponectin mRNA level during the early stage of differentiation (days 0-2). However, it reduced the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP1C during the intermediate (days 2-4) and late stages (days 4-7) of differentiation.…”

6,6′‐Bieckol inhibits adipocyte differentiation through downregulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 cells

“…Adipocytes have been widely used to assess lipid accumulation and fatty acid release, and it was reported that sulfated glucosamine exerted anti-obesity effects in 3 T3-L1 cells through the activity of several transcription factors and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. 22 The compounds used in this study -6,6 ′ -bieckol, 23 and phlorotannins isolated from E. bicyclis demonstrated inhibitory effects on the pancreatic lipase. 24 In the present study, we confirmed the inhibitory effects of 6,6 ′ -bieckol on lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation and investigated the underlying mechanisms by assessing mRNA and protein expression with RT-PCR and western blotting.…”

Anti-Cancer Mechanism and Possibility of Nano-Suspension Formulation for a Marine Algae Product Fucoxanthin

“…Fucoxanthin is converted to fucoxanthinol and amarouciaxanthin-A. This metabolite of fucoxanthin in white adipose tissue suppresses adipocyte differentiation and development (Yim et al, 2011;Lai et al, 2012) investigated the inhibitory effects of fucoxanthin, on the differentiation of preadipocytes and recognized as triacylglycerol-lowering agent in humans which is also observed by (Hu et al, 2012).…”