Supply and demand of some critical metals and present status of their recycling in WEEE

Zhang, Shengen; Ding, Yunji; Liu, Bo; Chang, Chein‐Chi

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.003

Cited by 212 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Along with a growing demand for applications from electronics and fuel additives (UNCTAD, 2014) to agriculture (Pang et al, 2002) and even environmental remediation (Stauber, 2000), lanthanide production rates are expected to increase (Alonso et al, 2012), and thus their release into the environment. The trend towards a greater environmental input of LNs indicates a pressing need to assess the potential hazard they pose (Alonso et al, 2012, Zhang et al, 2017. In overviews about the effect of lanthanides on aquatic organisms, the toxic effective concentration values have been reported in the g to mg per liter range for algae, crustaceans, nematodes and fish (González et al, 2014;Herrmann et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the toxic effects of mixtures of three lanthanides (Ce, Gd, Lu) to aquatic biota

Romero‐Freire

Joonas

Muna

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

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Lanthanide (LNs) release into the environment is expected to greatly increase in the coming years due to a high demand for new technologies. However there is a gap in the ecological risk assessment of these metals because most of the ecotoxicological studies have been performed with only one element, although they are usually found in nature as a group. This research evaluated the effects of mixtures of three lanthanides, cerium (Ce), gadolinium (Gd), and lutetium (Lu), representative of the light, middle and heavy rare earth elements, respectively, on seven aquatic species (A. fischeri, R. subcapitata, C. vulgaris, B. calyciflorus, H. incongruens, D. magna and D. rerio). Lanthanide content decreased over time in all toxicity test media and it was observed that LN sedimentation starts at the beginning of the tests with a steep decline of the available LN amount. Potential toxic effects of LNs were observed only in five species of the seven studied, predominantly in the unicellular organism (A. fischeri) and in the organisms belonging to the lower trophic levels (R. subcapitata and B. calyciflorus). The multi-toxicity approach performed in this study showed synergistic effects in tests performed with the bacteria A. fischeri and the algae R. subcapitata, and antagonistic effects for the rotifer B. calyciflorus. Although predicting the response of aquatic organisms exposed to multi-elements is not an easy task and can be masked by potential interactions with other compounds or even by nutrient removal. The variation in toxic action among species observed in this study reveals that lanthanide interaction in toxicity mechanisms should not be discarded, and supports that further studies with LN mixtures are required to properly understand their toxic behaviour in nature ecosystems.CAPSULE Mixtures of lanthanides showed toxic effects in bacteria and organisms of low trophic levels, with potential synergistic or antagonistic effects depending on the studied organism.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the toxic effects of mixtures of three lanthanides (Ce, Gd, Lu) to aquatic biota

Romero‐Freire

Joonas

Muna

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

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“…It is worth noting that scarce elements recovery from EoL devices is focused mainly on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) such as computers, TV sets, fridges, and cell phones. [ 21–23 ] In this article ( Figure 1 ), we provide an overview of the use of waste materials in the fabrication of TE materials and recycling of spent TE modules. We first review studies on the use of waste materials such as rice husk, cast‐iron scrap chips, recycled carbon fiber sheets, etc., in the synthesis of TE materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste Recycling in Thermoelectric Materials

Bahrami

Schierning

Nielsch

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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power plants, factories, motor vehicles, computers, or even human bodies into electricity. TEGs are suitable for small applications because of their compatibility, simplicity, and scalability. For example, electricity can be generated from small heat sources and by taking advantage of small temperature differences for powering wristwatches or wearable devices such as miniaturized accelerometers or electroencephalography (EEG) devices. [3,4] However, low efficiency and high fabrication cost are the main disadvantages of TEGs which hinder their vast application in the market. Although many studies have explored the ways to increase the efficiency of TEGs in converting the thermal to electric energy, cost of TE materials synthesis and miniaturized TEGs fabrication has not been addressed widely.TEGs require materials with high electrical conductivities and low thermal conductivities, as well as high thermopower (Seebeck coefficient, S) which in turn constrains the types of materials that can be used as a TE material. The direct conversion of thermal to electrical energy in response to a temperature gradient across a material can be calculated by using the following equationwhere ΔV is the generated voltage, S is the Seebeck coefficient or thermopower, and ΔT is the temperature difference. The performance of a TE material is defined by the dimensionless figure of merit (zT), which relates the material properties to its conversion efficiency, in the following way 2 l e ZT S T σ κ κ ) ( = +where σ is the electrical conductivity, κ l and κ e are the lattice and electronic contributions to the thermal conductivity of TE material, respectively, and T is the absolute temperature. High S 2 σ (power factor, PF) and low thermal conductivity, κ = κ l + κ e , lead to better performance. In practice, however, the mutual dependence between these material properties makes an optimization of zT difficult. For many decades since the 1950s, when research and development of bulk homogenous materials for TE applications started to increase, research and development efforts focused on elements derived from raw materials for synthesizing TE materials. The compounds synthesized from raw elements such as Thermoelectric (TE) technology enables the efficient conversion of waste heat generated in homes, transport, and industry into promptly accessible electrical energy. Such technology is thus finding increasing applications given the focus on alternative sources of energy. However, the synthesis of TE materials relies on costly and scarce elements, which are also environmentally damaging to extract. Moreover, spent TE modules lead to a waste of resources and cause severe pollution. To address these issues, many laboratory studies have explored the synthesis of TE materials using wastes and the recovery of scarce elements from spent modules, e.g., utilization of Si slurry as starting materials, development of biodegradable TE papers, and bacterial recovery and recycling of tellurium from spent TE modules. Yet, the outcomes of such work have no...

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“…However, nickel current market allows only existing operators to get back to a balanced state without considering the opening of new mines . Thus, it becomes necessary to secure industrial critical metals supply by using different alternative solutions such as recycling . This solution would reduce primary metals consumption, secure raw materials supply, reduce waste, and save energy because metal production of recycled materials is more energy‐efficient than ore processing .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precipitation of Cobalt Salts for Recovery in Leachates

2019

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Metals such as cobalt are particularly strategic since they are present in many high-added-value products. Besides, at the rate of current consumption, specifically of cobalt, the manufacturers are facing risks of shortage for their supply. So, research on these metals' recovery from industrial or urban waste is highly important for the future. Current work focuses on cobalt recovery from Li-ion batteries by precipitation. Literature was evaluated on the various anions allowing to precipitate Co(II), in particular hydroxide, carbonate, and sulfide ions, and the focus was set on the hydroxide way. Simulations were performed using speciation software to highlight the various parameters influencing the precipitation process and the formed species. From simulation results, experiments were carried out in a synthetic solution containing only Co(II).

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Supply and demand of some critical metals and present status of their recycling in WEEE

Cited by 212 publications

References 70 publications

Assessment of the toxic effects of mixtures of three lanthanides (Ce, Gd, Lu) to aquatic biota

Assessment of the toxic effects of mixtures of three lanthanides (Ce, Gd, Lu) to aquatic biota

Waste Recycling in Thermoelectric Materials

Precipitation of Cobalt Salts for Recovery in Leachates

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