Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy

Brooks, Jennifer; Ward, Wendy E.; Lewis, Jacqueline; Hilditch, John R.; Nickell, Leslie; Wong, Erin Oi-Yan; Thompson, Lilian U.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.2.318

Cited by 106 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…31 The daily intake of 25 g flaxseed has been shown to reduce tumor cell proliferation and increase tumor cell apoptosis in postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, 32 and to increase the serum 2-OH/16a-OH estrogen ratio in healthy postmenopausal women. 33 This change in estrogen metabolism, which has been suggested to be breast cancer protective, 34 was positively related to urinary lignan excretion. 33 Therefore, the lignan dose used in this study is potentially achievable in human subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol, alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein, do not promote the growth of MCF‐7 xenografts in ovariectomized athymic nude mice

Power

Saarinen

Chen

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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This study determined the effect of the mammalian lignans enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein (GEN) on the growth of MCF-7 tumors in ovariectomized nude mice. Ovariectomized athymic nude mice with established MCF-7 tumors were fed a basal diet (AIN-93G) and divided into 5 groups that received daily subcutaneous injections (10 mg/kg body weight (BW)) of ENL, END, GEN, a mixture of these compounds (MIX), or vehicle as a negative control for 22 weeks. A positive control group was implanted with an estradiol pellet in order to establish an estrogenic tumor growth response. In the ENL-and END-treated mice, palpable tumors regressed significantly by 91 and 83%, respectively, resulting in final tumors that were similar to the negative control tumors. However, tumor cell apoptosis was significantly enhanced by the lignans. In the GEN-treated mice, tumors initially regressed significantly by 64% but regression ceased following prolonged treatment, resulting in final tumors that were significantly larger compared to negative control, ENL-, and END-treated mice, in part by increasing tumor cell proliferation. The MIX treatment significantly regressed palpable tumors by 87% similar to negative control group, with no effects on tumor cell apoptosis or proliferation. The isoflavone GEN alone promoted the growth of established MCF-7 human breast cancer xenografts after prolonged treatment while the mammalian lignans ENL and END did not. When these phytoestrogens were given in combination, no tumor growth-promoting effects were observed. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…33 This change in estrogen metabolism, which has been suggested to be breast cancer protective, 34 was positively related to urinary lignan excretion. 33 Therefore, the lignan dose used in this study is potentially achievable in human subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol, alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein, do not promote the growth of MCF‐7 xenografts in ovariectomized athymic nude mice

Power

Saarinen

Chen

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…Twenty-two studies were excluded because of lack of indices of interest (Agnusdei et al, 1997a, b;Gambacciani et al, 1997a, b;Potter et al, 1998;Alekel et al, 2000;Wangen et al, 2000;Clifton-Bligh et al, 2001;Katase et al, 2001;Anderson et al, 2002;Chiechi et al, 2002;Lucas et al, 2002;Chen et al, 2003Chen et al, , 2004Jones et al, 2003;Schult et al, 2003;Atkinson et al, 2004;Harkness et al, 2004;Olsen et al, 2004;Mori et al, 2004a, b), non-randomization (Dalais et al, 1998), lack of a control group (Agnusdei et al, 1997a, b), insufficient original data or baseline values (Gambacciani et al, 1997a, b;Khalil et al, 2002). Thus, nine studies with a total of 432 subjects were included in this meta-analysis, in which five studies had quality score of five; three studies had quality score of four and one study had quality score of three (Morabito et al, 2002;Uesugi et al, 2002;Yamori et al, 2002;Arjmandi et al, 2003Arjmandi et al, , 2005Dalais et al, 2003;Brooks et al, 2004;Mori et al, 2004a, b;Nikander et al, 2004) (Table 1). In five of these studies, isolated soy protein that contained mainly isoflavones was used, and isoflavone tablets were used in other studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

et al. 2007

Eur J Clin Nutr

129

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Objective: To clarify the effects of isoflavone intake on bone resorption and bone formation. Methods: We identified randomized controlled trials related to urinary deoxypyridinoline (Dpyr, a bone resorption marker) and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP, a bone formation marker) listed on MEDLINE (January 1966-April 2006, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE (1985( -January 2006, Science Citation Index and PUBMED (updated till April 2006). Results: Nine studies with a total of 432 subjects were selected for meta-analysis. The urinary Dpyr concentration in subjects who consumed isoflavones decreased significantly by À2.08 nmol/mmol (95% confidence interval (CI): À3.82 to À0.34 nmol/ mmol) in comparison with that in subjects who did not consume isoflavones. Isoflavone intake vs placebo intake significantly increased serum BAP by 1.48 mg/l (95% CI: 0.22-2.75 mg/l). Decreases in the urinary Dpyr concentration with isoflavone intake of o90 mg/day and with treatment lasting less than 12 weeks were À2.34 nmol/mmol (95% CI: À4.46 to À0.22 nmol/mmol) and À2.03 nmol/mmol (95% CI: À3.20 to À0.85 nmol/mmol), respectively. Conclusions: Isoflavone intervention significantly inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation. These favorable effects occur even if o90 mg/day of isoflavones are consumed or the intervention lasts less than 12 weeks.

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“…The lignans in flax seed are metabolized in the digestive tract to enterodiol and enterolactone, which have estrogenic activity. In fact, flax seed is a more potent source of phytoestrogens than soy products, as flax seed intake caused a bigger change in the excretion of 2-hydroxyestrone compared to soy protein [69]. …”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet

Donaldson¹

2004

Nutr J

550

344

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It has been estimated that 30–40 percent of all cancers can be prevented by lifestyle and dietary measures alone. Obesity, nutrient sparse foods such as concentrated sugars and refined flour products that contribute to impaired glucose metabolism (which leads to diabetes), low fiber intake, consumption of red meat, and imbalance of omega 3 and omega 6 fats all contribute to excess cancer risk. Intake of flax seed, especially its lignan fraction, and abundant portions of fruits and vegetables will lower cancer risk. Allium and cruciferous vegetables are especially beneficial, with broccoli sprouts being the densest source of sulforophane. Protective elements in a cancer prevention diet include selenium, folic acid, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, chlorophyll, and antioxidants such as the carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, cryptoxanthin). Ascorbic acid has limited benefits orally, but could be very beneficial intravenously. Supplementary use of oral digestive enzymes and probiotics also has merit as anticancer dietary measures. When a diet is compiled according to the guidelines here it is likely that there would be at least a 60–70 percent decrease in breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers, and even a 40–50 percent decrease in lung cancer, along with similar reductions in cancers at other sites. Such a diet would be conducive to preventing cancer and would favor recovery from cancer as well.

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Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy

Cited by 106 publications

References 45 publications

Mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol, alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein, do not promote the growth of MCF‐7 xenografts in ovariectomized athymic nude mice

Mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol, alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein, do not promote the growth of MCF‐7 xenografts in ovariectomized athymic nude mice

Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet

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