Supernumerary nipples: prevalence, size, sex and side predilection - a prospective clinical study

Schmidt, Heinrich

doi:10.1007/s004310050944

Cited by 94 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In our study, we have found a significantly higher number of anomalies in the case of 4 minor malformations, which arise during the organogenesis, and in the case of 3 phenogenetic variants which arise after organogenesis.It seems important to mention that from the 7 minor anomalies which were significantly more common among the Tourette patients, 6 involved the regions of the head suggesting a relationship with an abnormal neurodevelopmental process. Connecting to the view of Méhes 1 we emphasize the essential informative importance of the significantly increased rate of supernumerary nipples and of double posterior hair whorl, as a wide range of pathological anomalies associated with supernumerary nipples has been described 28,29 and that abnormal hair patterings may call attention to imparied early development of the central nervous system 1,30,31 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Minor physical anomalies in Tourette syndrome

et al. 2008

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-Background and Objectives:The prevalence of minor physical anomalies (prenatal errors of morphogenesis) was evaluated in patients with Tourette syndrome to get indirect data on the possible role of aberrant neurodevelopment in the aetiology of Tourette syndrome. No published study is known on the minor physical anomaly prevalence in this recently intensively investigated disorder, and connecting to current opinions on a possible role of aberrant neurodevelopment in Tourette syndrome it seems important to introduce trait marker research focusing on brain maldevelopment.Methods: A scale developed by Méhes 1,2 was used to detect the presence or absence of 57 minor physical anomalies in 24 patients with Tourette syndrome and in 24 matched controls 21 boys and 3 girls were evaluated, the age of onset of illness among the Tourette patients was between the age of 5 and 13.Results: The mean value of all minor physical anomalies was significantly higher among the group of patients compared with controls. (Mann -Whitney U -value: 49, 50, -Z = -4,92, p = 0,001) In the case of 7 minor physical anomalies we could demonstrate statistically significant differences between the Tourette and the control sample. In the case of 4 minor malformations (supernumary nipples, prominent forehead, tongue with smooth and rough spots, double posterior hair whorl) and of 3 phenogenetic variants (antimongoloid slant, inner epicanthic folds, high arched palate) a significantly higher frequency was observed compared with control individuals. However after Bonferroni cor-174 GYÖRGYI CSÁBI ET AL.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Minor physical anomalies in Tourette syndrome

et al. 2008

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“…However, accessory mammary tissue may develop due to an incomplete embryological regression of the mammary ridge, which is composed of a portion of the galactic band that runs from the axilla to the groin (5). The presence of accessory breast tissue is uncommon, with an overall incidence range of 0.22 to 6.00% in the general population (8,9). Women are reported to exhibit a increased incidence of accessory breast tissue compared with men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evans et al (2) reported that 71% of ectopic breast cancers were located in the axilla. Marshall et al (3) reported that 58% occurred in the axilla, 18.5% in the parasternal, 8.6% in the subclavicular, 8.6% in the submammary, and 4% in the vulvar; 94.7% of patients were women, and only 5.3% were men. Breast tissues develop from the ectodermal ridges, also known as the milk lines, on the ventral surface of the body, which extend from the axillae to the inguinal regions and end on the medial aspect of the thighs on each side of the body (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and treatment of accessory breast cancer in 11 patients

Zhang

et al. 2015

Oncology Letters

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Abstract. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of accessory breast cancer, and contribute valuable information regarding this rare tumour to the current literature, ultimately facilitating the development of improved treatment strategies. The present study reported the cases of 11 patients with accessory breast cancer. The patients with accessory breast cancer were admitted between January 2002 and June 2014, and the patient records were retrospectively analysed. All patients presented with a tumour that was localised in the axilla. Out of these patients, there were 8 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma and 3 patients with invasive lobular carcinoma. The follow-up periods for patients ranged between 4 and 54 months. Out of the 5 patients that experienced neoplasm metastases, 4 patients succumbed to the disease. In total, 6 patients remain alive with no evidence of disease. Accessory breast cancer is a progressive tumour, and long-term follow-up is required. A comprehensive treatment strategy may be an effective treatment option for patients; however, the optimal time at which to commence chemotherapy and the role of combined radiotherapy and endocrine therapy require additional investigation. IntroductionPrimary carcinomas of ectopic breast tissue have been reported in only a small number of cases and the axilla was the most frequent site of the primary tumor (1). Evans et al (2) reported that 71% of ectopic breast cancers were located in the axilla. Marshall et al (3) reported that 58% occurred in the axilla, 18.5% in the parasternal, 8.6% in the subclavicular, 8.6% in the submammary, and 4% in the vulvar; 94.7% of patients were women, and only 5.3% were men. Breast tissues develop from the ectodermal ridges, also known as the milk lines, on the ventral surface of the body, which extend from the axillae to the inguinal regions and end on the medial aspect of the thighs on each side of the body (4). Embryologically, ectopic breast tissue develops as a result of failed resolution of the mammary ridge, an ectodermal thickening that extends from the axilla to the groin (5). Ectopic breast tissue may appear at any site along the milk line, but it occurs most commonly in the axill; less commonly, it may appear in locations outside of the mammary ridge, including the face, middle back, buttock, posterior neck, chest, vulva, hip, posterior, flank and/or lateral thigh, shoulder and upper extremities (4,6).The diagnostic procedures and therapeutic management of accessory breast carcinoma are not definitively established. The present study aimed to perform an analysis of a series of patients with accessory breast cancer that were treated exclusively with combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as to review the medical literature with regard to the clinical features, treatment methods and prognosis of this disease. The present study reports 11 such cases, with the goal of contributing valuable information about this unusual tumour to the current literat...

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“…Only in puberty, with the stimulation of estrogen and progesterone hormones, these ducts grow by forming alveoli and secretory cells (3,4).…”

Section: Bilateral Axillary Accessory Breast Tissue Revealed By Pregnmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polythelia is more frequently found in 2 to 10% of general population, while polymastia occurs only in 0.22 to 6% of the people, with a higher incidence in women (3,6,7). Auxiliary breasts appear to be more symptomatic especially after puberty.…”

Section: Bilateral Axillary Accessory Breast Tissue Revealed By Pregnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral Axillary Accessory Breast Tissue Revealed by Pregnancy

Grama¹,

Voiculescu²,

Vîrga³

et al. 2016

chr

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Rezumat Åesut mamar accesor axilar bilateral evidenåiat de sarcinãIlustrãm cazul rar al unei paciente de 28 ani ce s-a prezentat cu douã formaåiuni tumorale axilare bilateral ce au apãrut în timpul sarcinii, crescând apoi progresiv în dimensiuni. Examenul local a evidenåiat douã formaåiuni de 5/3/5 cm fiecare cu caracteristici clinice de benignitate, dezvoltate la nivelul extensiei axilare a glandei mamare. În timpul lactaåiei, un lichid similar laptelui s-a evacuat printr-un mamelon rudimetar, maroniu, localizat în centrul fiecãrei formaåiuni. La 1 an de la naaetere, rezonanåa magneticã nuclearã e evidenåiat la nivelul celor douã mase tumoraleåesut mamar accesor cu acelaaei semnal ca aei glanda eutopicã de care se delimiteazã. Din motive estetice aei din cauza riscului de a dezvolta tumori benigne sau maligne, åesutul mamar ectopic a fost excizat chirurgical. Examenul histologic a evidenåiat åesut mamar glandular normal.Cuvinte cheie: åesut mamar accesor, polimastie, axilã, sarcinã Abstract We illustrate a rare case of a 28 year-old woman with bilateral axillary masses, which were uncovered during her first pregnancy only and grew progresively in size ever since. On local examination, there were two 5/3/5 cm masses with benign clinical characteristics, developed apparently on the axillary extension of the mammary gland. During lactation, a milk-like liquid was evacuated through a brownish, rudimentary, nipple located in the center of each axillary masses. One year after parturition, the MRI showed bilateral axillary breast tissue appearance, separated from the eutopic mammary gland, but having similar signal intensity. Due to aesthetic reasons and the additional risk for subsequent malignant or benign breast disease, the ectopic breast tissues were completely surgically removed. The histology report showed normal glandular breast tissue.

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Supernumerary nipples: prevalence, size, sex and side predilection - a prospective clinical study

Abstract: A supernumerary areola or a supernumerary areola with nipple is a frequent finding. There is a higher prevalence for the left side and male gender.

Cited by 94 publications

References 13 publications

Minor physical anomalies in Tourette syndrome

Minor physical anomalies in Tourette syndrome

Diagnosis and treatment of accessory breast cancer in 11 patients

Bilateral Axillary Accessory Breast Tissue Revealed by Pregnancy

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