Superior potassium storage in natural O/N–doped hard carbon derived from maple leaves

Liu, Minqing; Dong, Jing; Shi, Yujun; Zhuang, Quanchao

doi:10.1007/s10854-019-01219-x

Cited by 26 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…[ 19b,47 ] It has also been demonstrated that either decreasing the size of the HC by ball‐milling or chemically introducing heteroatoms would lead to more defects along with more slope capacity, which confirmed the relationship between them. [ 40,41c ] Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) analysis has been frequently utilized to analyze the ion diffusion coefficient ( D ion ) of the HC during electrochemical charge/discharge. The GITT curves for HC anodes in SIBs generally exhibit three regions, as presented in Figure 3e.…”

Section: Structures Mechanisms and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 47 ] Hydrothermal pretreatments have been frequently used for sucrose and glucose precursors to obtain carbon‐rich intermediates for further pyrolysis. [ 18a,36b,41d,74 ] Hydrothermal treatments of the precursors with H 3 PO 4 , H 2 SO 4 , or H 3 BO 3 were reported to be effective for doping HC with the corresponding heteroatoms. [ 41d ] The impurities in the precursors were reported to be responsible for the generation of higher surface area due to the activation of carbon during pyrolysis, which is detrimental to the performance of the synthesized HC.…”

Section: Materials Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 18a,36b,41d,74 ] Hydrothermal treatments of the precursors with H 3 PO 4 , H 2 SO 4 , or H 3 BO 3 were reported to be effective for doping HC with the corresponding heteroatoms. [ 41d ] The impurities in the precursors were reported to be responsible for the generation of higher surface area due to the activation of carbon during pyrolysis, which is detrimental to the performance of the synthesized HC. The acid pretreatment of the biomass materials can dissolve some of the inorganic salts and lead to disaggregation of the bio‐structure to some extent.…”

Section: Materials Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 54a ] In addition to the nonmetal elements, K + ‐doped HC was also reported from the pyrolysis of biomass which would expand the (002) interlayer spacing, delivering high reversible capacity and outstanding capacity retention. [ 41e ] Some of the doped heteroatoms have been debatable for the performances of HC anodes. Recent research on low‐temperature pyrolysis of H 2 SO 4 pretreated and KOH activated HC demonstrated the benefits of O doping since the CO bonds in the HC can undergo redox reactions with Na + and improve the specific capacity and rate performance of the HC anodes in SIBs, [ 107 ] similar results were reported for the HC anode in SIBs by a low‐temperature pre‐oxidation with more CO functional groups.…”

Section: Materials Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 40 ] It has also been frequently reported that heteroatoms including B, N, O, F, P, S, K, etc., also exist as defective sites in the HC structures. [ 32b,36g,41 ]…”

Section: Structures Mechanisms and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hard Carbon Anodes: Fundamental Understanding and Commercial Perspectives for Na‐Ion Batteries beyond Li‐Ion and K‐Ion Counterparts

Zhao

Lai

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

343

220

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scarce resources, uneven distribution, and arduous recycling of lithium. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) operating with similar mechanism to that of LIBs are considered as affordable alternatives, [2] as a result of the desirable performances as well as much abundant resources of sodium and potassium. [3] The performances of the alkali metal-ion batteries depend much on the cathode and anode materials. Various types of cathode materials based on the reversible insertion/ extraction of alkali metal ions including transition metal oxides, fluorides, phosphates, hexacyanoferrates, and sulfates have been developed, and plenty of them exhibit desirable energy density and cycling performances. [4] Progress on the research for anode materials is relatively slow, however, as compared with their cathode counterparts. [5] Based on the reaction mechanisms, the anodes generally fall into three categories: insertion based, conversion based, and alloying based. [6] The conversion-based materials exhibit high theoretical specific capacities derived from the conversion reactions during the uptake of alkali metal ions. [7] Due to the large volume variations during charge/discharge, however, the conversion-based anodes exhibit rapid capacity fading. The alloyingbased materials deliver high specific capacity by the alloying reaction, but the material pulverization derived from repeated volume changes results in poor reversibility. [8] Insertion-based materials include titanium-based oxides and carbonaceous materials. Although the small volume change, high rate capability, and good cycling stability of titanium-based oxides are desirable, their high working voltages and low specific capacities are detrimental to the power density of the full cells. [9] Carbonaceous materials, including graphite, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, soft carbon (SC), hard carbon (HC), etc., are promising anode candidates for alkali metal-ion batteries. [10] Graphite has been developed as a practical anode for commercial LIBs. They have steady discharge curves and low operation potential (≈0.1 V vs Li + /Li), and the formation of stable graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) LiC 6 delivers a moderate theoretical intercalation capacity of 372 mAh g −1 . [11] While the intercalation capacities of graphite anodes for SIBs and PIBs are not satisfactory, delivering 35 mAh g −1 for SIBs with NaC 64Hard carbon (HC) is recognized as a promising anode material with outstanding electrochemical performance for alkali metal-ion batteries including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as well as their analogs sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, a comprehensive review of the recent research is presented to interpret the challenges and opportunities for the applications of HC anodes. The ion storage mechanisms, materials design, and electrolyte optimizations for alkali metal-ion batteries are illustrated in-depth. HC is particularly promising as an anode material for SIBs. The solid-electrolyte interph...

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Section: Structures Mechanisms and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 40 ] It has also been frequently reported that heteroatoms including B, N, O, F, P, S, K, etc., also exist as defective sites in the HC structures. [ 32b,36g,41 ]…”

Section: Structures Mechanisms and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Hard Carbon Anodes: Fundamental Understanding and Commercial Perspectives for Na‐Ion Batteries beyond Li‐Ion and K‐Ion Counterparts

Zhao

Lai

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

343

220

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Nitrogen and Oxygen Co‐Doped Porous Hard Carbon Nanospheres with Core‐Shell Architecture as Anode Materials for Superior Potassium‐Ion Storage

Chong

Yuan

et al. 2021

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Concern related to climate changes and environmental pollution caused by widespread using of fossil energy has prompted the research of novel and efficient energy storage systems. Among them, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in portable electronic devices, hybrid electric vehicles, and electric vehicles owing to its high energy density, high power density and long cycling life. [1,2] Nevertheless, it is well known that the scarcity and high price of Li resources make LIBs difficult to meet the demand for large-scale energy electrical storage technologies in the future. [3,4] Hence, the emerging sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium ion batteries (PIBs) have gained widespread attention and rapid development due to abundant and low-cost resources as well as the same "rocking chair" electrochemical reaction principle as LIBs. [5,6] What is the most surprising is PIBs with the condition of organic electrolyte is a more ideal energy storage device:1) The standard electrode potential of −2.93 V for K + /K (vs the standard hydrogen electrode) is closer to that of −3.04 V for Li + / Li and higher than that of 2.71 V for Na + /Na, which is beneficial to acquiring high operating voltage and energy density for K-ion full cell; 2) the propylene carbonate (PC) solvent will further lower the standard potential of K/K + compared with Li + / Li to obtain higher energy density; 3) The weaker Lewis acidity of K-ion leads to the smallest solvated ion of 3.6 Å for K compared with that of 4.8 Å for Li and 4.6 Å for Na to achieve better rate capability; 4) Potassium can react with graphite electrode to form an intercalation compound of KC 8 with the theoretical capacity of 279 mAh g −1 , displaying another advantage than SIBs. [7,8] The key bottleneck facing PIBs is to develop electrode materials with stable structure to store K-ion with large size of 1.38 Å. At present, the cathode materials can be roughly divided into Prussian blue (PB) analogues, [9,10] layered transition metal oxides, [11,12] polyanion compounds, [13,14] and organic crystals, [15,16] all which promote the development of cathodes with excellent electrochemical properties and illuminate in-depth the solid solution and phase transition mechanisms for K-ion The investigation of carbonaceous-based anode materials will promote the fast application of low-cost potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Here a nitrogen and oxygen co-doped yolk-shell carbon sphere (NO-YS-CS) is constructed as anode material for K-ion storage. The novel architecture, featuring with developed porous structure and high surface specific area, is beneficial to achieving excellent electrochemical kinetics behavior and great electrode stability from buffering the large volume expansion. Furthermore, the N/O heteroatoms co-doping can not only boost the adsorption and intercalation ability of K-ion but also increase the electron transfer capability. It is also demonstrated by experimental results and DFT calculations that K-ion insertion/extraction proceeds through both intercalation and...

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Prospects of Electrode Materials and Electrolytes for Practical Potassium‐Based Batteries

et al. 2021

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The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202101131. Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have attracted tremendous attention becauseof their high energy density and low-cost. As such, much effort has focused on developing electrode materials and electrolytes for PIBs at the material levels. This review begins with an overview of the high-performance electrode materials and electrolytes, and then evaluates their prospects and challenges for practical PIBs to penetrate the market. The current status of PIBs for safe operation, energy density, power density, cyclability, and sustainability is discussed and future studies for electrode materials, electrolytes, and electrode-electrolyte interfaces are identified. It is anticipated that this review will motivate research and development to fill existing gaps for practical potassium-based full batteries so that they may be commercialized in the near future.

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Superior potassium storage in natural O/N–doped hard carbon derived from maple leaves

Cited by 26 publications

References 44 publications

Hard Carbon Anodes: Fundamental Understanding and Commercial Perspectives for Na‐Ion Batteries beyond Li‐Ion and K‐Ion Counterparts

Hard Carbon Anodes: Fundamental Understanding and Commercial Perspectives for Na‐Ion Batteries beyond Li‐Ion and K‐Ion Counterparts

Nitrogen and Oxygen Co‐Doped Porous Hard Carbon Nanospheres with Core‐Shell Architecture as Anode Materials for Superior Potassium‐Ion Storage

Prospects of Electrode Materials and Electrolytes for Practical Potassium‐Based Batteries

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