Prospects of Electrode Materials and Electrolytes for Practical Potassium‐Based Batteries

Abstract

The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202101131. Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have attracted tremendous attention becauseof their high energy density and low-cost. As such, much effort has focused on developing electrode materials and electrolytes for PIBs at the material levels. This review begins with an overview of the high-performance electrode materials and electrolytes, and then evaluates their prospects and challenges for practical PIBs to penetrate the market. The current status of PIBs for safe operation, energy density, power density, cyclability, and sustainability is discussed and future studies for electrode materials, electrolytes, and electrode-electrolyte interfaces are identified. It is anticipated that this review will motivate research and development to fill existing gaps for practical potassium-based full batteries so that they may be commercialized in the near future.

Cardanol-Derived Epoxy Resins as Biobased Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Potassium-Ion Conduction

“…Based on these considerations, ionic conductivity measurements between 10 and 50 °C were performed, considering this as a plausible temperature range for KIB applications in large-scale energy storage plants. 73 , 74 As shown in Figure 8 B, the activated GPEs possessed an appreciable ionic conductivity with values ranging between 10 –3 and 10 –2 S cm –1 when passing from lower (10 °C) to higher temperatures (50 °C), respectively. Interestingly, lower ionic conductivities were found for GAn- and PAn-based membranes over the same temperature interval, in line with their less favorable EUR response as compared with SAn-based systems (see Figure S6 in the Supporting Information ).…”

Recent Advances in Layered Metal‐Oxide Cathodes for Application in Potassium‐Ion Batteries

“…Reproduced with permission. [172] Copyright 2021, Wiley. delivered a specific discharge capacity of ≈53 mAh g −1 at 3 mA g −1 , but showed poor cycling efficiency owing to electrolyte consumption during the initial cycles.…”

“…However, the coulombic efficiency, capacity, and rate capability of organic anode materials must be improved to realize a practical KIB full cell. [21,32,33,172] In summary, the performance of a full cell is dependent on the synergistic effect between the anode, cathode, and electrolyte components. Practical batteries require safe electrode materials with high capacity, high operating voltage, long cycle life, high charge/discharge rate, and structural stability.…”

Alternate Storage of Opposite Charges in Multisites for High‐Energy‐Density Al–MOF Batteries

“…There is reason to believe that the electrochemical performance of Al-MOF batteries could be further improved through electrode/ electrolyte engineering. [47,48] Importantly, the repeated alternate storage of opposite charges in bipolar electrode materials has a great impact on the cycling stability of batteries, which can be promoted by adjusting the ratio of anions and cations in IL electrolyte.…”