Cardanol-Derived Epoxy Resins as Biobased Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Potassium-Ion Conduction

Abstract

In this study, biobased gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) membranes were developed via the esterification reaction of a cardanol-based epoxy resin with glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride, and hexahydro-4-methylphthalic anhydride. Nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry was used to assess the optimal curing time and temperature of the formulations, evidencing a process activation energy of ∼65–70 kJ mol –1 . A rubbery plateau modulus of 0.65–0.78 MPa and a crosslinking density of 2 × 10 –4 mol cm –3 were found through dynamic mechanical analysis. Based on these characteristics, such biobased membranes were tested for applicability as GPEs for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs), showing an excellent electrochemical stability toward potassium metal in the −0.2–5 V voltage range and suitable ionic conductivity (10 –3 S cm –1 ) at room temperature. This study demonstrates the practical viability of these biobased materials as efficient GPEs for the fabrication of KIBs, paving the path to increased sustainability in the field of next-generation battery technologies.

Structural design strategies for superionic sodium halide solid electrolytes

“…5 Recently, various types of post-Li batteries with new cations such as Na, K, and Mg have been investigated owing to their low cost and high energy density. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Among the post-Li batteries, Na-ion batteries have attracted increasing attention because of the abundance of Na. 12,13 Na ASSBs have been investigated for large-scale applications, such as ESS, which require high safety.…”

Bio‐Based Solid Electrolytes Bearing Cyclic Carbonates for Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

“…For instance, sustainable gel-polymer/solid-state electrolytes are being developed to overcome the hurdles of safety, stability, and dendrite growth. [25][26][27][28] Recently, Bella and co-workers designed lignin-based membranes by crosslinking of a preoxidized Kraft lignin matrix with an ethoxylated difunctional oligomer. Those gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) exhibited decent conductivity of 10 À 3 S cm À 1 and > 4 V stability window with K + .…”

“…Sustainable materials have also reached momentum for the fabrication of the next generation of batteries. For instance, sustainable gel‐polymer/solid‐state electrolytes are being developed to overcome the hurdles of safety, stability, and dendrite growth [25–28] . Recently, Bella and co‐workers designed lignin‐based membranes by crosslinking of a pre‐oxidized Kraft lignin matrix with an ethoxylated difunctional oligomer.…”

A phosphorus-doped potassium peroxyniobate electrocatalyst with enriched oxygen vacancies boosts electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction to ammonia

“…Existing studies have shown that K + can passivate defects and optimize interfaces to improve power conversion efficiency (PCE). [31][32][33] For example, Luo et al doped potassium cinnamate (PC) into a perovskite precursor solution. This strategy enhances the quality of the film, passivates defects and advances the photoluminescence intensity.…”