Superhydrophilic fluorinated polymer and nanogel for high-performance 19F magnetic resonance imaging

19F MRI Nanotheranostics for Cancer Management: Progress and Prospects

“…developed a suite of PFPE‐based hyperbranched nanoparticle‐coupled peptide aptamers with high fluoride content (∼10 wt%) and flexible fluorine mobility, enabling highly sensitive 19 F MRI detection of breast cancer (Figure 6a). Another type of hyperhydrophilic fluorinated polymers and nanogels containing carboxybetaine zwitterionic structure (19.1 wt% fluorine content) were reported by Feng et al [104] . for vascularly‐targeted highly sensitive MRI and quantitative evaluation of bioavailability in HCC.…”

Nanotechnology as a Versatile Tool for 19F-MRI Agent’s Formulation: A Glimpse into the Use of Perfluorinated and Fluorinated Compounds in Nanoparticles

“…Its cytocompatibility, biodegradability, cellular toxicity, and cellular uptake are complex and abstruse, and on top, it requires further investigations and inferences. There is also a condition called "hydrophobic aggregation-induced signal attenuation" that happens when the 19 F-content in the molecular structure is greater than 10 wt.% [243]. The nanoprobes cannot exceed a threshold concentration of fluorine, for stimulation in biological systems, as exceeding a base concentration result in hydrophobic aggregation of fluorinated segments.…”

“…Traditionally, gravimetric methods are being used to provide this information in vitro but offer limited insight on the in vivo fate and sequential tracking [250]. Ergo, a zwitterionic, fluorinated and alkynyl 19 F MRI molecular CA was designed, namely N-(carboxymethyl)-N-methyl-N-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) prop-2-yn-1-aminium (termed PA-CBF 3 ), with zwitterionic carboxybetaine structure, which was superhydrophilic and had superior resistance to protein adsorption and was capable to tether with different hydrogels [243]. The probed nanohydrogels included polyacrylamide hydrogel, injectable alginate hydrogel, thermosensitive poloxamer hydrogel, and poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-valine) polypeptide hydrogel.…”

Injectable and Thermosensitive Liposomal Hydrogels for NIR-II Light-Triggered Photothermal-Chemo Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer

“…Currently, various drug carriers for local controlled drug release, such as nano-/microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels, have been designed for cancer treatments. − Hydrogels, as one of the best local drug release systems, have been widely developed for the advantages of long-term concentration drug release at the tumor site, low systemic drug toxicity, and controlled release of the drug . Due to its three-dimensional cross-linked network structure, it can effectively load drugs and treat tumors. , However, conventional hydrogels have disadvantages such as large surgical trauma surface and nonintelligent drug release, and thus, the research of injectable smart responsive hydrogels has attracted a lot of interest from researchers .…”