Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) is a promising imaging technique for cancer diagnosis because of its excellent soft tissue resolution and deep tissue penetration, as well as the inherent high natural abundance, almost no endogenous interference, quantitative analysis, and wide chemical shift range of the 19F nucleus. In recent years, scientists have synthesized various 19F MRI contrast agents. By further integrating a wide variety of nanomaterials and cutting‐edge construction strategies, magnetically equivalent 19F atoms are super‐loaded and maintain satisfactory relaxation efficiency to obtain high‐intensity 19F MRI signals. In this review, the nuclear magnetic resonance principle underlying 19F MRI is first described. Then, the construction and performance of various fluorinated contrast agents are summarized. Finally, challenges and future prospects regarding the clinical translation of 19F MRI nanoprobes are considered. This review will provide strategic guidance and panoramic expectations for designing new cancer theranostic regimens and realizing their clinical translation.
Elevated expression of lncRNA
H19
(
H19
) in the setting of hypoxia has been implicated as a promising therapeutic target for various cancers. However, little is known about the impact and underlying mechanism of
H19
in ischemic brain stroke. This study found that
H19
levels were elevated in the serum of stroke patients, as well as in the ischemic penumbra of rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) injury and neuronal cells with oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). Further, knockdown of
H19
with siRNA alleviated cell apoptosis in OGD neuronal cells, and inhibition of
H19
in MCAO/R rats significantly decreased neurological deficit, brain infarct volume and neuronal apoptosis. Lastly, with gain and loss of function studies, dual luciferase reported assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and pull-down experiments, we demonstrated the dual competitive interaction of miR-19a with
H19
and the 3’-UTR of Id2 mRNA, resulting in the identification of the
H19
-miR-19a-Id2 axis. With biological studies, we also revealed that
H19
-miR-19a-Id2 axis modulated hypoxia induced neuronal apoptosis. This study demonstrates that the identified
H19
-miR-19a-Id2 axis plays a critical role in hypoxia induced neuronal apoptosis, and blocking this axis may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for ischemic brain injury.
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