Superficial and Inkjet Scalable Printed Sensors Integrated with Iron Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide for Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Lurasidone

Abstract

The present work demonstrated the fabrication and the electrochemical characterization of novel printed electrochemical sensors integrated with an innovative nanosensing platform based on the synergic electrocatalytic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for precise voltammetric determination of the antipsychotic drug lurasidone hydrochloride (LUH). The features of the electrode surface fabricated using the ordinary inkjet printer were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Among different ink formulations, integration of the printing ink with the ratio 15 mg FeONPs and 20 mg rGO was found to be the most appropriate for sensitive quantification of LUH in biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations in the presence of LUH degradation products. Under the optimized experimental and electroanalytical parameters, the recorded square-wave voltammograms were correlated to LUH within the linear concentration ranging from 50 to 2150 ng mL −1 with detection limit and limit of quantification values of 15.64 and 47.39 ng mL −1 , respectively. Based on the cyclic voltammograms recorded for LUH at different scan rates, the electrode reaction was assumed to be a diffusion reaction mechanism accompanied by the transfer of two electrons/protons through the oxidation of the five-membered ring nitrogen atom as assumed by the molecular orbital calculations carried out on the LUH molecule. The C max of LUH and the efficiency of the fabricated sensors enabled their clinical application for monitoring LUH in human biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations in the presence of degradants for diverse quality control applications and green chemistry analysis.

Inkjet-Printed Sensors Based on Nanoferrite-Doped Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles for the Sensitive Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Brimonidine

“…Next, the logarithmic values of the recorded peak current were linearly correlated with the corresponding logarithmic value of the scan rate as (log I μA = 0.630 + 0.9955 ± 0.013 log (υ/V s –1 ); r = 0.9993) (Figure c). The reported slope value (0.9955) was close to the expected theoretical value of 1.0 for the adsorption-controlled reaction. , The electrode reaction mechanism disagreed with the previous voltammetric methods for BRIM, − which may be attributed to the possible interaction between the BRIM molecule and the ferrite nanostructure at the electrode surface. , …”

“…Nafion (5% solution, 70160; Sigma-Aldrich) was mixed with FMnONPs in DMF for the modification of the electrode surface. A universal BR buffer solution (4.0 × 10 –2 mol L –1 ) covering the pH ranging from 2 to 11 was applied …”

“…A universal BR buffer solution (4.0 × 10 –2 mol L –1 ) covering the pH ranging from 2 to 11 was applied. 51 …”

“…56,57 The electrode reaction mechanism disagreed with the previous voltammetric methods for BRIM, 36−38 which may be attributed to the possible interaction between the BRIM molecule and the ferrite nanostructure at the electrode surface. 50,51 Finally, the oxidation potential values were plotted against the logarithmic values of the applied scan rate (Figure 4d) following a linear relation (E pV = 1.008 + 0.0516 ± 0.0013 log (υ/V s −1 ); r = 0.9976) postulating the participation of two electrons in the electrode reaction as estimated by the Laviron equation 58 compared with one electron at the iron oxide integrated carbon paste electrode. 38 Detailed discussion and calculations are presented in Supporting Information S2.…”

“…A universal BR buffer solution (4.0 × 10 −2 mol L −1 ) covering the pH ranging from 2 to 11 was applied. 51 2.2. Measuring Apparatus and Working Electrodes.…”