Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Atrazine and Other Triazine Herbicides from Fortified and Incurred Eggs

Abstract

Triazines are a class of important pre-emergent weed herbicides. Some members of this class of herbicides exhibit carcinogenic and immunotoxicity properties, which make their use controversial in areas where animal feed crops are grown. It is therefore important to determine if triazine residues are transported to animal food products in order to ascertain the extent of human exposure. Most of the current herbicide residue extraction methods are time-consuming and solvent intensive. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO 2 has been used as a alternative for other residue extraction methods as a replacement for hazardous organic solvents. In this study, 10 triazines were extracted from eggs fortified at 100 ppb using unmodified supercritical CO 2 at a pressure of 10000 psi and a temperature of 50 °C with off-line collection on a solid phase extraction cartridge containing Florisil. Atrazine recovery averaged 90.4% with an RSD of 3.3%. The other triazines were recovered at mean levels >73%. In a separate feeding study, atrazine and two of its dealkyl metabolites were detected in the egg. The results indicate that SFE is a viable technique for isolating triazine residues from eggs, requiring only 8 mL of solvent for each analysis.

Determination of Atrazine and Simazine in Environmental Water Samples by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction with High Performance Liquid Chromatography

“…Some methods have been developed for such goals, for example, supercritical fluid extraction, 14 solid phase extraction, 15 and microwave-assisted extraction. 16 Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) is a novel technique and attracts increasing attention due to its merits, which include simplification, low cost, and high enrichment factor.…”

Decontamination of hazardous substances from solid matrices and liquids using supercritical fluids extraction: A review

“…SFE study of several herbicides from fortified and incurred eggs has been reported by Pensabene et al [153]. In their study they used different type of herbicides widely applied on animal feed crops.…”

Large-Scale Membrane- and Lignin-Modified Adsorbent-Assisted Extraction and Preconcentration of Triazine Analogs and Aflatoxins

“…These compounds have either been linked to kidney failure or are considered potential carcinogens and immunotoxins [6,7,8,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Previous studies have described numerous gas or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric approaches for the accurate analysis of triazine isomers and analogs, with or without an enriching medium, to ascertain the level at which they are present in the food chain and the extent of human exposure [18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. The direct removal of only a few triazine analogs in the aqueous environment on an analytical scale, with the assistance of an adsorbent, has been studied [25,26,27,28].…”