Supercritical Fluid‐Based Decellularization Technologies for Regenerative Medicine Applications

Abstract

Supercritical fluid‐based extraction technologies are currently being increasingly utilized in high purity extract products for food industries. In recent years, supercritical fluid‐based extraction technology is transformed in biomaterials process fields to be further utilized for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications. In particular, supercritical fluid‐based decellularization protocols have great advantage over the conventional decellularization as it may allow preservation of extracellular matrix components and structures. In this review, the latest technological development utilizing the supercritical fluid‐based decellularization for regenerative medicine is introduced.

Effective decellularization of human skin tissue for regenerative medicine by supercritical carbon dioxide technique

“…The removal of cells is essential to acellular dermal matrices because the matrices provide a scaffold of connective tissue which can promote adhesion, migration, and proliferation of receptor cells. In our study, the supercritical fluid method (Kim et al., 2021a, 2021b) was used for the decellularization and the removal of native cells in decellularized tissues was confirmed by using H&E staining images. New products (SCR and SCF) showed no native cells remaining on the scaffold, indicating that the supercritical fluid method successfully removed cells in the tissues.…”

“…Tissue decellularization aims to retain the native ECM's unique features while eliminating cells and immunogenic substances to prevent rejection and inflammation following transplantation. Currently, available decellularization methods are physical procedures including freeze‐thawing, immersion, swing, and direct pressure; chemical methods including ionic, nonionic, alcohol, alkaline, and acid treatments, chelating detergents, and zwitterionic detergents; and biological methods including antibiotics or enzymatic agents (Dussoyer et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2021b; Mendibil et al., 2020; Patel et al., 2021). The removal of cells is essential to acellular dermal matrices because the matrices provide a scaffold of connective tissue which can promote adhesion, migration, and proliferation of receptor cells.…”

“…Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor has a key role in fibrinolysis and modulates the development of protective immunity. soyer et al, 2020;Kim et al, 2021b;Mendibil et al, 2020;Patel et al, 2021). The removal of cells is essential to acellular dermal matrices because the matrices provide a scaffold of connective tissue which can promote adhesion, migration, and proliferation of receptor cells.…”

“…ADMs were built up to accentuate native ECMs and encourage the cultivation of tissue organs after transplantation (Barootchi et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2020). The conventional decellularization methods required harsh polar detergents that denatured the protein of ECMs' native because of over acidic or basic properties of the solvent (Kim et al., 2021a). Therefore, the utilization of supercritical fluid of carbon dioxide solvent to perform decellularization under low temperature has become an appealing method as it allows for maintaining and preventing denaturation of ECM's native.…”

Contributions of supercritical fluid technology for advancing decellularization and postprocessing of viable biological materials

“…In this review, the authors explore scCO 2 as a breakthrough technology for enabling decellularization as well as sterilization and post-processing of biological tissue materials, bringing light over current literature in the field. 19,20 With this work the authors intend to better understand the mechanisms behind scCO 2 -assisted decellularization discussing on results’ discrepancies that have been observed throughout this field. An in-depth analysis on used parameters and cosolvents, and their effects on ECM composition, structure, and properties will be given to highlight the benefits and limitations of this emerging decellularization methodology.…”