Supercritical carbon dioxide technology in synthesis, modification, and recycling of battery materials

Abstract

For pursuing the ambitious goals in the burgeoning electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and energy storage sectors, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are considered as one of the most promising electrochemical power sources because of their high energy density and moderate cost. Particularly, the improvement of battery materials and recycling of spent LIBs are receiving great attention since the sustainable approaches for the synthesis, modification, and recycling of battery materials are the crucial factors to the successful large-scale implementation of LIBs. In this regard, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ), which possesses many merits, such as environmentally friendly, low-cost, individual chemical environment, and especially its unique physical properties, has been employed as solvent and reaction medium in the synthesis and modification of diverse functional materials. In this review, we mainly aim at compiling the applications of SC-CO 2 technology in the synthesis and modification of electrode materials as well as the recycling of LIBs. First, the unique properties and principles of SC-CO 2 technology are highlighted. Second, the latest progresses of the electrode materials design and recycling with the assistance of SC-CO 2 technique are summarized. Finally, the challenges, future directions, and perspectives on the design and development of battery materials and battery recycling by SC-CO 2 technology are proposed.

Green solvent systems for material syntheses and chemical reactions

“…Green solvents like ILs and SC CO 2 have attracted much attention for the synthesis of advanced materials. 13,19,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Here we focus on the application of green solvents for fabricating framework materials, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and hydrogenbonded organic frameworks (HOFs).…”

Optimized lithium deposition on Ag nanoparticles-embedded TiO2 microspheres: a facile spray pyrolysis approach for enhanced lithium metal anode

“…1,2 In this respect, researchers have shown a renewed interest in lithium metal anodes (LMAs), owing to their high theoretical capacity of 3860 mA h g −1 and low redox potential of −3.04 V. [3][4][5][6] Furthermore, the signicance of investigating LMAs has been emphasized due to their use in next-generation battery technologies such as the lithium-air and lithium-sulfur battery systems. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Unfortunately, practical applications of LMAs have been hindered by dendritic lithium growth, unstable solid electrolyte interfaces (SEI), and innite volume uctuation during the deposition of lithium, which cause low coulombic efficiency (CE), degradation of battery performance, and short circuits that are directly related to safety risks. 15,16 Various approaches have been employed to address these issues, such as the optimization of electrolytes, 4,17 construction of articial SEIs, 18 modication of separators, 19 and adjustment of lithium alloys.…”

Insights on advanced g‐C3N4 in energy storage: Applications, challenges, and future

“…The primary challenges associated with anode materials encompass electrode material agglomeration, specific capacity, safety concerns, phase and volume changes during charge-discharge cycles, cycle life, and rate performance. 49,50 Researchers are actively exploring various strategies to address these issues, such as nanostructure design, lattice doping, grain boundaries, surface treatment, particle size reduction, carbon coating, element doping, and the development of composite materials. [51][52][53][54][55] Furthermore, the separator plays a vital role in a battery, not only ensuring its fundamental functionalities but also significantly impacting its overall safety.…”

“…These challenges call for dedicated research and development efforts to overcome these limitations and unlock the full potential of energy storage technologies. The primary challenges associated with anode materials encompass electrode material agglomeration, specific capacity, safety concerns, phase and volume changes during charge–discharge cycles, cycle life, and rate performance 49,50 . Researchers are actively exploring various strategies to address these issues, such as nanostructure design, lattice doping, grain boundaries, surface treatment, particle size reduction, carbon coating, element doping, and the development of composite materials 51–55 .…”