Superconducting sensors and methods in geophysical applications

Stolz, R.; Schmelz, M.; Zakosarenko, V.; Foley, Cathy; Tanabe, K.; Xie, Xiaoming; Fagaly, R.L.

doi:10.1088/1361-6668/abd7ce

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 291 publications

(352 reference statements)

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“…This work will provide a short insight how AEM methods may benefit from the application of quantum sensors (QS) namely SQUIDs from today's perspective. A detailed review on the use of SQUIDs in geophysics is given by Stolz et al (2021b). Figure 1 lists all airborne magnetic, gravimetric, and AEM methods which may use quantum sensor instrumentation in future.…”

Section: Airborne Electromagnetic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SQUIDs for magnetic and electromagnetic methods in mineral exploration

et al. 2022

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Research on quantum sensors for the detection of magnetic fields (quantum magnetometers) is one of the fast-moving areas of Quantum Technologies. Since there exist expectations about their use in geophysics, this work will provide a brief overview on the various developing quantum technologies and their individual state of the art for implementing quantum magnetometers. As one example, the developments on superconducting quantum interference devices, so-called SQUIDs as a specific implementation of a quantum magnetometer, are presented. In the course of this, SQUID instrument implementations and associated demonstrations and case studies will be presented. An airborne vector magnetometer with ultra-low noise ($$<10 \mathrm{fT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$$ < 10 fT / Hz ) and high dynamic range of $$>32 \mathrm{bit}$$ > 32 bit will be introduced which has the prospect to be applied for the magnetic method in parallel with electromagnetic methods such as passive audio-frequency magnetics or semi-airborne methods using active transmitters such as elongated grounded dipole sources. The according signals are separated in the frequency domain. A second implementation is an airborne full tensor gradiometer instrument will be discussed which has shown already a number of successful case studies and which turned into commercial operation in the past years. Besides the airborne instrument, a very successful implementation of quantum magnetometers is the SQUID-based receiver for the ground-based transient electromagnetic method. Today it is a mature technology which has been in commercial use for more than a decade and has led to a number of discoveries of conductive ore bodies. One case study will be presented which demonstrates the performance of this instrument. Finally, future prospects of using quantum magnetometers, including SQUIDs and new optically pumped magnetometers, in geophysical exploration will be discussed. Particular applications for both sensor types will be introduced.

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Section: Airborne Electromagnetic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SQUIDs have become a mature technology to be used in geoscientific applications (Stolz et al 2021b). In the context of this work, SQUIDs are divided into two classes: low-temperature (LTS) and high-temperature (HTS) SQUIDs being immersed in liquid helium (lHe, 4.2K ) or liquid nitrogen (lN 2 , 77K ), respectively.…”

Section: Superconducting Quantum Magnetometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

SQUIDs for magnetic and electromagnetic methods in mineral exploration

et al. 2022

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“…The direct method, on the other hand, is based on the use of test pits and boreholes. Indirect prospecting entails the application of geophysical methods based on specialised sensor measurements of physical anomalies associated with materials that generates a sufficiently strong identifying signal [3]. These activities involve the generation of physical models of the terrain and its behaviour according to various stimuli, but allowing for the identification of surface anomalies associated with possible mineral deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mining Exploration with UAV, Low-Cost Thermal Cameras and GIS Tools—Application to the Specific Case of the Complex Sulfides Hosted in Carbonates of Udías (Cantabria, Spain)

et al. 2022

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The depletion of natural resources implies the need for a constant search for new reserves to satisfy demand. In the mining sector, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have revolutionised geo-information capture and modelling to allow the use of low-cost sensors for prospecting and exploration for potentially exploitable resources. A very powerful alternative for managing the huge volume of data is the Geographic Information System (GIS), which allows storage, visualisation, analysis, processing and map creation. The research in this paper validates a new quasi-automatic identification of mining resources using GIS thermal-image analysis obtained from UAVs and low-cost sensors. It was tested in a case that differentiated limestone from dolostone with varying iron content, and different thermal behaviour from solar radiation, thereby ensuring that the thermal image recorded these differences. The objective is to discriminate differences in an image in a quasi-automatic way using GIS tools and ultimately to determine outcrops that could contain mineralisation. The comparison between the proposed method with traditional precision alternatives offered differences of only 4.57%, a very small deviation at this early stage of exploration. Hence, it can be considered very suitable.

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“…Affected by the magnetization effect of the geomagnetic field, the ferromagnetic target produces an induced magnetic field, causing a local magnetic anomaly field [3]. Various types of scalar or vector magnetic field sensors are fixed on different carrier platforms, forming the handheld [11,12], helicopter-borne [13] and UAV-mounted magnetic measurement systems [14,15]. The drone-based magnetic detection system shows significant advantages in detection efficiency and spatial resolution of the magnetic data [16], which is a hot spot of current research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Joint UAV-Borne Magnetic Detection System and Cart-Mounted Time Domain Electromagnetic System for UXO Detection

Xie

Zhang

2021

Remote Sensing

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For unexploded O=ordnance (UXO) detection, individual technology cannot achieve the best detection performance. The new detection mode of joint magnetic and electromagnetic method has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, a newly developed joint detection system is introduced, a multi-rotor UAV-based magnetic system (UAVMAG) and a cart-based time-domain electromagnetic detection system (TDEM-Cart) are combined, and the cooperative processing of magnetic field and electromagnetic data is proposed. The result of the joint inversion fuses the feature vector retrieved from the magnetic field data and the feature vector inverted from the electromagnetic data, providing more accurate positioning results and richer information, which is favorable to locate and distinguish the UXO. Two field experiments are conducted, and the results show that when the joint system works in the full-coverage survey mode, both ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic metal targets can be detected, avoiding missed detections. In addition, when the joint system works in the cued survey mode, the detection efficiency is improved, the positioning accuracy of joint interpretation is less than 10 cm, and it shows satisfactory performance in the recognition of targets.

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Superconducting sensors and methods in geophysical applications

Cited by 33 publications

References 291 publications

SQUIDs for magnetic and electromagnetic methods in mineral exploration

SQUIDs for magnetic and electromagnetic methods in mineral exploration

Mining Exploration with UAV, Low-Cost Thermal Cameras and GIS Tools—Application to the Specific Case of the Complex Sulfides Hosted in Carbonates of Udías (Cantabria, Spain)

The Joint UAV-Borne Magnetic Detection System and Cart-Mounted Time Domain Electromagnetic System for UXO Detection

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