Super-Narrow, Extremely High Quality Collective Plasmon Resonances at Telecom Wavelengths and Their Application in a Hybrid Graphene-Plasmonic Modulator

Thackray, Benjamin D.; Thomas, Philip A.; Auton, Gregory; Rodríguez, Francisco; Marshall, Owen; Kravets, V. G.; Григоренко, А. Н.

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00930

Cited by 76 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…[18][19][20] In the visible and nearinfrared, the absorption of graphene was normally enhanced by coupling graphene with dielectric [21][22][23][24][25] or metallic resonant structures. [26][27][28][29] And complete absorptions of monolayer graphene were numerically demonstrated by using critical coupling and guided mode resonance. [30][31][32] In the experiment, total absorptions about 40% [32] and 85% [33] and graphene absorption about 77% [25] in the visible and near-infrared were measured from monolayer graphene coupled with 1D dielectric grating or 2D silicon photonic crystals on top of a back mirror.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Demonstration of Total Absorption over 99% in the Near Infrared for Monolayer‐Graphene‐Based Subwavelength Structures

Guo

Zhu

Yuan

et al. 2016

Advanced Optical Materials

108

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CommuniCationoptical absorption in experiment for monolayer graphene based subwavelength structures in the near-infrared. Peak absorptions over 99% at wavelength around 1.5 μm with full-width at half maximum (FWHM) about 20 nm are demonstrated from mono layer graphene coupled with different subwavelength gratings on top of a back gold mirror. The experimental results are in excellent quantitative agreement with the simulation results obtained by using finite-element method, which confirm convincingly the theoretical prediction of complete optical absorption for monolayer graphene in the near-infrared range.The schematic image of the absorption structure under investigation in this work is demonstrated in Figure 1a. The structure comprises a monolayer graphene which is sandwiched between a 1D polymethy1-methacrylate (PMMA) grating and a silica layer, and a gold layer is coated in the back side of the silica layer. The absorption structure shown in Figure 1a supports several resonant modes which could be excited by outside incident waves under phase matching conditions. When the incident wave is coupled with a resonant mode, the absorption of the structure could be enhanced due to the field enhancement in the structure. And complete absorption can be obtained when the reflection wave is canceled by the emission wave of the resonant mode since the transmission of the structure is blocked by the gold layer.The monolayer graphene based absorption structures shown in Figure 1a were fabricated on a silicon substrate, and an optical image of our fabricated sample is shown in Figure 1b. The fabrication processes are listed as follows. A 4 nm chromium (Cr) layer was first deposited on a 2 cm size silicon substrate by using electron-beam evaporation, and a 200 nm gold layer was deposited on the Cr layer by using magnetron sputtering. Then, a 520 nm silica layer was deposited by plasmaenhanced chemical vapor deposition on the gold layer. And next, a 1 cm size monolayer graphene (ACS MATERIAL) was transferred on the top of the silica layer. Finally, a PMMA layer was spin coated on the substrate and grating patterns with different periods were formed in the PMMA layer by using E-beam lithography. From Figure 1b we can see that the grating patterns with different periods have different diffraction colors, and the area of the sample with graphene has a slight difference in color from that of the area without graphene. The topview scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a fabricated pattern is shown in Figure 1c, and the white bar in the figure represents 5 μm. We measured the Raman spectrum of the monolayer graphene after the device fabrication, and compared it with the Raman spectrum of the monolayer graphene before being transferred to our sample (provided by the ACS The copyright line of this paper was changed 13 October 2016 after initial publication.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, pr...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Demonstration of Total Absorption over 99% in the Near Infrared for Monolayer‐Graphene‐Based Subwavelength Structures

Guo

Zhu

Yuan

et al. 2016

Advanced Optical Materials

108

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“…Such plasmonic nanoarrays can be tuned to give narrow, diffraction-coupled resonances that arise when the wavelengths of diffracted light modes, running along the air–substrate boundary (known as Rayleigh cutoff wavelengths), are recaptured as electron oscillations in the plasmonic nanostructures5. These resonances can be further narrowed by adding a metallic sublayer26. Our nanostructure was designed to produce a narrow plasmon resonance around the telecom wavelength of λ ∼1.5 μm, although higher-order diffraction-coupled modes exist throughout the near-infrared and visible spectrum.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Uniform arrays of gold nanostripes (total area=300 × 100 μm) were fabricated (with a gold sublayer) on glass substrates using standard electron beam lithography and electron beam evaporation techniques926. First, the glass substrate was covered with a thin film of Cr (3 nm) to prevent charging during lithography, followed a flat region of Cr (3 nm, for adhesion) and Au (65 nm).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomechanical electro-optical modulator based on atomic heterostructures

et al. 2016

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Two-dimensional atomic heterostructures combined with metallic nanostructures allow one to realize strong light–matter interactions. Metallic nanostructures possess plasmonic resonances that can be modulated by graphene gating. In particular, spectrally narrow plasmon resonances potentially allow for very high graphene-enabled modulation depth. However, the modulation depths achieved with this approach have so far been low and the modulation wavelength range limited. Here we demonstrate a device in which a graphene/hexagonal boron nitride heterostructure is suspended over a gold nanostripe array. A gate voltage across these devices alters the location of the two-dimensional crystals, creating strong optical modulation of its reflection spectra at multiple wavelengths: in ultraviolet Fabry–Perot resonances, in visible and near-infrared diffraction-coupled plasmonic resonances and in the mid-infrared range of hexagonal boron nitride's upper Reststrahlen band. Devices can be extremely subwavelength in thickness and exhibit compact and truly broadband modulation of optical signals using heterostructures of two-dimensional materials.

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“…Through strong ionic bonding and high Madelung energy, pure stoichiometric HfO 2 is stable and unlikely to engage in chemical reactions. On the other hand, graphene is increasingly being considered an extremely useful material, which can help in the creation of efficient electro-optical modulators [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Graphene shows tunability of its optical conductivity by gating over a broad range of wavelengths, from mid-infrared to nearinfrared [14].…”

Section: Graphene Based Low-voltage Modulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene light modulators working at near-infrared wavelengths

Aznakayeva¹,

Rodríguez²,

Marshall³

et al. 2017

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We demonstrate a graphene-based electro-absorption modulator with extremely small modulation volume that can be controlled by low gating voltages 1-3 V and shows light modulation at wavelengths as short as 900 nm. Our choice of hafnium oxide dielectric separator gives the possibility to obtain significant electro-optical effect in a simple optical heterostructure. Having low power consumption, our devices could find a wide range of applications in telecom industry.

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Super-Narrow, Extremely High Quality Collective Plasmon Resonances at Telecom Wavelengths and Their Application in a Hybrid Graphene-Plasmonic Modulator

Cited by 76 publications

References 24 publications

Experimental Demonstration of Total Absorption over 99% in the Near Infrared for Monolayer‐Graphene‐Based Subwavelength Structures

Experimental Demonstration of Total Absorption over 99% in the Near Infrared for Monolayer‐Graphene‐Based Subwavelength Structures

Nanomechanical electro-optical modulator based on atomic heterostructures

Graphene light modulators working at near-infrared wavelengths

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