Sunscreens: are they beneficial for health? An overview of endocrine disrupting properties of UV‐filters

Krause, Marianna; Klit, Anders; Jensen, Maj‐Britt; Søeborg, Tue; Frederiksen, Hanne; Schlumpf, Margret; Lichtensteiger, W.; Skakkebæk, Niels E.; Drzewiecki, Krzysztof T.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2012.01280.x

Cited by 385 publications

(233 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(119 reference statements)

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“…Exposure during this period of the year may come from other sources than sunscreen, as BP-3 is also applied as u.v. stabiliser in plastics, food and household products to prevent photodegradation (Krause et al 2012, National Center for Biotechnology Information, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453187/pdf/ Endocrine-disrupter exposure of 200 pregnant Danish women ehp0116-a0306a.pdf, last accessed Sep 2013). French and Spanish pregnant women and American women had higher paraben concentrations than the Danish women in our study (Calafat et al 2006, Casas et al 2011.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current exposure of 200 pregnant Danish women to phthalates, parabens and phenols

Renzy-Martin

Frederiksen

Christensen³

et al. 2014

Reproduction

112

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Many phthalates, parabens and phenols are suspected to have endocrine-disrupting properties in humans. They are found in consumer products, including food wrapping, cosmetics and building materials. The foetus is particularly vulnerable and exposure to these chemicals therefore is of concern for pregnant women. We investigated current exposure to several commonly used phthalates, parabens and phenols in healthy, pregnant Danish women. A total of 200 spot urine samples were collected between 8 and 30 weeks of gestation and analysed for metabolites of ten phenols, seven parabens and 16 phthalate by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry representing 26 non-persistent compounds. The majority of analytes were present in the urine sample collected from most women who participated. Thus, in 174 of the 200 women, metabolites of more than 13 (O50%) of 26 compounds were detected simultaneously. The number of compounds detected per woman (either as the parent compound or its metabolite(s)) ranged from 7 to 21 with a median of 16. The majority of compounds correlated positively with each other within and between chemical groups, suggesting combined exposure sources. Estimated daily intakes (DIs) of phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) were below their individual tolerable DI (TDI) and with hazard quotients below 1. In conclusion, we found detectable levels of phthalate metabolites, parabens and phenols in almost all pregnant women, suggesting combined multiple exposures. Although the estimated DI of phthalates and BPA for an individual was below TDI, our results still raise concern, as current toxicological risk assessments in humans do not take into account simultaneous exposure. The true cumulative risk for the foetus may therefore be underestimated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Triclosan (TCS), benzophenone-3 (BP-3) (a u.v.-filter) and several other phenols also appear to have endocrine-disrupting activity with adverse effects on, e.g. thyroid and reproductive function (Zhang et al 2008, Li et al 2010, Rodriguez & Sanchez 2010, Jung et al 2012, Krause et al 2012, Henry & Fair 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current exposure of 200 pregnant Danish women to phthalates, parabens and phenols

Renzy-Martin

Frederiksen

Christensen³

et al. 2014

Reproduction

112

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“…Two parabens (methylparaben (MeP) and ethylparaben (EtP)) are also used as preservatives in certain foods (Boberg et al 2010). Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is a sunscreen agent used in cosmetic sunscreen products and is also used in plastic films as a UV stabilizer for food packaging material and other consumer products (Calafat et al 2008, Krause et al 2012; 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) are pesticides or intermediates from industrial production (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1999). Further, 2,5-DCP is the major urinary metabolite of p-dichlorobenzene, which is used for disinfection and as a pesticide (Yoshida et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human urinary excretion of non-persistent environmental chemicals: an overview of Danish data collected between 2006 and 2012

Frederiksen¹,

Jensen²,

Jørgensen³

et al. 2014

Reproduction

194

100

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Several non-persistent industrial chemicals have shown endocrine disrupting effects in animal studies and are suspected to be involved in human reproductive disorders. Among the non-persistent chemicals that have been discussed intensively during the past years are phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TCS), and parabens because of their anti-androgenic and/or estrogenic effects. Phthalates are plasticizers used in numerous industrial products. Bisphenol A is the main component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Parabens and TCS are antimicrobial preservatives and other phenols such as benzophenone-3 (BP-3) act as a UV-screener, while chlorophenols and phenyl phenols are used as pesticides and fungicides in agriculture. In spite of the widespread use of industrial chemicals, knowledge of exposure sources and human biomonitoring studies among different segments of the population is very limited. In Denmark, we have no survey programs for non-persistent environmental chemicals, unlike some countries such as the USA (NHANES) and Germany (GerES). However, we have analyzed the excretion of seven parabens, nine phenols, and the metabolites of eight different phthalates in urine samples collected over the past 6 years from four Danish cohorts. Here, we present biomonitoring data on more than 3600 Danish children, adolescents, young men, and pregnant women from the general population. Our study shows that nearly all Danes were exposed to the six most common phthalates, to BPA, TCS, and BP-3, and to at least two of the parabens. The exposure to other non-persistent chemicals was also widespread. Our data indicate decreasing excretion of two common phthalates (di-n-butyl phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) over time.

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“…BP3 is also employed as photostabiliser in packaging materials, to prevent polymer photochemical degradation and in the treatment of photodermatitis. An important consequence of the widespread use of BP3 is its frequent detection in human urine samples (up to 97% samples in the US; Calafat et al, 2008;Krause et al, 2012). BP3 may enter the body principally upon dermal exposure, while the oral intake is much less likely despite the rapid absorption by the gastrointestinal tract.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phototransformation of the sunlight filter benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) under conditions relevant to surface waters

Vione

Caringella

Laurentiis

et al. 2013

Science of The Total Environment

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. Phototransformation of the sunlight filter benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) under conditions relevant to surface waters. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 463-464, 243-251. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013 You may download, copy and otherwise use the AAM for non-commercial purposes provided that your license is limited by the following restrictions:(1) You may use this AAM for non-commercial purposes only under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND license.(2) The integrity of the work and identification of the author, copyright owner, and publisher must be preserved in any copy. AbstractThe UV filter benzophenone-3 (BP3) has UV photolysis quantum yield s −1 ), the CO 3 −• degradation process could be somewhat important for DOC < 1 mg C L −1 . The predicted half-life time of BP3 in surface waters under summertime conditions would be of some weeks, and it would increase with increasing depth and DOC. BP3 transformation intermediates were detected upon reaction with • OH. Two methylated derivatives were tentatively identified, and they were probably produced by reaction between BP3 and fragments arising from photodegradation. The other intermediates were benzoic acid (maximum concentration ∼10% of initial BP3) and benzaldehyde (1%).

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Sunscreens: are they beneficial for health? An overview of endocrine disrupting properties of UV‐filters

Cited by 385 publications

References 56 publications

Current exposure of 200 pregnant Danish women to phthalates, parabens and phenols

Current exposure of 200 pregnant Danish women to phthalates, parabens and phenols

Human urinary excretion of non-persistent environmental chemicals: an overview of Danish data collected between 2006 and 2012

Phototransformation of the sunlight filter benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) under conditions relevant to surface waters

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