Phototransformation of the sunlight filter benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) under conditions relevant to surface waters

Vione, Davide; Caringella, Rosalinda; Laurentiis, Elisa De; Pazzi, Marco; Minero, Claudio

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.090

Cited by 69 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…EHMC is readily degradable [41,45] whereas BP3 was quite photostable in the aquatic environment [46,47]. Therefore, it's likely that EHMC and BP3 had similar sources rather than similar environmental fate in the sediment of the Pearl River and the PRE.…”

Section: Behavior and Fate Of The Emerging Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence, temporal and spatial profiles of ultraviolet absorbents and phenolic personal care products in riverine and estuarine sediment of the Pearl River catchment, China

Peng

Xiong

et al. 2017

Journal of Hazardous Materials

110

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Section: Behavior and Fate Of The Emerging Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence, temporal and spatial profiles of ultraviolet absorbents and phenolic personal care products in riverine and estuarine sediment of the Pearl River catchment, China

Peng

Xiong

et al. 2017

Journal of Hazardous Materials

110

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“…Although the main characteristic of UV-filters should be their high stability upon exposure to sunlight, several studies report that some organic UV-filters undergo degradation under UV radiation Vione et al, 2013). This happens mainly due to the inability to convert the energy absorbed fast enough, so the molecule stays excited and chemically react (Díaz-Cruz et al, 2008).…”

Section: Environmental Degradation and Transformation Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in analytical methods and occurrence of organic UV-filters in the environment — A review

Ramos

Homem

Alves

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

263

110

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UV-filters are a group of compounds designed mainly to protect skin against UVA and UVB radiation, but they are also included in plastics, furniture, etc., to protect products from light damage. Their massive use in sunscreens for skin protection has been increasing due to the awareness of the chronic and acute effects of UV radiation. Some organic UV-filters have raised significant concerns in the past few years for their continuous usage, persistent input and potential threat to ecological environment and human health. UV-filters end up is wastewater and because wastewater treatment plants are not efficient in removing them, lipophilic compounds tend to sorb onto sludge and hydrophilics end up in river water, contaminating the existing biota. To better understand the risk associated with UV-filters in the environment a thorough review regarding their physicochemical properties, toxicity and environmental degradation, analytical methods and their occurrence was conducted.Higher UV-filter concentrations were found in rivers, reaching 0.3 mg/L for the most studied family, the benzophenone derivatives. Concentrations in the ng to µg/L range were also detected for the paminobenzoic acid, cinnamate, crylene and benzoyl methane derivatives in lake and sea water.Although at lower levels (few ng/L), UV-filters were also found in tap and groundwater. Swimming pool water is also a sink for UV-filters and its chlorine by-products, at the µg/L range, highlighting the benzophenone and benzimidazole derivatives. Soils and sediments are not frequently studied, but concentrations in the µg/L range have already been found especially for the benzophenone and crylene derivatives. Aquatic biota is frequently studied and UV-filters are found in the ng/g-dw range with higher values for fish and mussels. It has been concluded that more information regarding UVfilter degradation studies both in water and sediments is necessary and environmental occurrences should be monitored more frequently and deeply. SEHSDT -sequential extraction with high-speed dispersion tool; SLE -solid-liquid extraction; SPEsolid-phase extraction; SPF -sun protection factor; SPLE -selective pressurized liquid extraction;SPMDs -semipermeable membrane devices; SPME -solid phase microextraction; TD -thermal desorption; TCE -tetrachloroethylene; THF -tetrahydrofuran; Tl -toluene; UPLC -ultraperformance liquid chromatography; USE -ultrasound extraction; UV -ultraviolet; WTP -water treatment plant; WWTP -wastewater treatment plant 4

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“…14 BP-3 possesses physicochemical properties that explain its occurrence in various media. It is photochemically stable 15 and lipophilic (octanol/water partition coefficient, log K OW = 3.8; pK a = 7.56) 16 and thus has the ability to accumulate in fish, 17 sediments, 18 sewage sludges, 19 and in soils. 20 Although BP-3 is difficult to break-down in natural environments, it degrades upon chlorination leading to the formation of chlorinated byproducts that can be more toxic than their parent compounds.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation Products of Benzophenone-3 in Chlorinated Seawater Swimming Pools

Manasfi

Storck

Ravier

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Oxybenzone (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenone, benzophenone-3) is one of the UV filters commonly found in sunscreens. Its presence in swimming pools and its reactivity with chlorine has already been demonstrated but never in seawater swimming pools. In these pools, chlorine added for disinfection results in the formation of bromine, due to the high levels of bromide in seawater, and leads to the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts, known to be more toxic than chlorinated ones. Therefore, it seems important to determine the transformation products of oxybenzone in chlorinated seawater swimming pools; especially that users of seawater swimming pools may apply sunscreens and other personal-care products containing oxybenzone before going to pools. This leads to the introduction of oxybenzone to pools, where it reacts with bromine. For this purpose, the reactivity of oxybenzone has been examined as a function of chlorine dose and temperature in artificial seawater to assess its potential to produce trihalomethanes and to determine the byproducts generated following chlorination. Increasing doses of chlorine and increasing temperatures enhanced the formation of bromoform. Experiments carried out with excess doses of chlorine resulted in the degradation of oxybenzone and allowed the determination of the degradation mechanisms leading to the formation of bromoform. In total, ten transformation products were identified, based on which the transformation pathway was proposed.

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Phototransformation of the sunlight filter benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) under conditions relevant to surface waters

Cited by 69 publications

References 59 publications

Persistence, temporal and spatial profiles of ultraviolet absorbents and phenolic personal care products in riverine and estuarine sediment of the Pearl River catchment, China

Persistence, temporal and spatial profiles of ultraviolet absorbents and phenolic personal care products in riverine and estuarine sediment of the Pearl River catchment, China

Advances in analytical methods and occurrence of organic UV-filters in the environment — A review

Degradation Products of Benzophenone-3 in Chlorinated Seawater Swimming Pools

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