Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin

Melanin and Its Role in Hyper-Pigmentation – Current Knowledge and Future Trends in Research

“…Freckles are predominantly found on the face, although they may appear on any skin exposed to the sun. Freckles are rare on infants and more common on children before puberty; they are less common on adults (Hanson et al, 2006;.…”

Gelatin-based microspheres crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and rutin oriented to cosmetics

“…However, they can generate free radicals when exposed to sunlight and present problems related to photoallergenicity and skin irritation, as well as, photoinstability (Hanson, Gratton, Bardeen, 2006). Such scenario has driven the search for alternatives to minimize or eliminate these effects and there is a tendency to develop photoprotective cosmetic formulations with reduced concentration of chemical filters, but with high protection against UVA and UVB radiation, preferentially, with multifunctional benefits.…”

Determination of three ultraviolet filters in sunscreen formulations and from skin penetration studies by high-performance liquid chromatography

“…7,10-13 Additionally, recent reports have shown that when the filters, 3-BZ, OMC and octocrylene, penetrate into these nucleated layers, the levels of reactive oxygen species produced naturally by the epidermal chromophores under UV illumination increase. 14 It is important to consider that sunscreen formulations are applied to a large area of the body and for long periods of time, producing a constant and high input of the chemical into the viable skin layer and into systemic circulation. 3 The development of formulations and the synthesis of new sunscreen molecules with good substantivity have been of great interest to decrease absorption and to improve the safety and effectiveness of the topical sunscreen formulations.…”