“…The personal willingness for deviant behavior focuses on offender choice and perceived innocence. The choice of crime derives from deviant identity (Bernburg, Krohn, and Rivera 2006;Galvin, Lange, and Ashforth 2015;Mingus and Burchfield 2012;Obodaru 2017;Petrocelli, Piquero, and Smith 2003;Sampson and Laub 1993;Zvi and Elaad 2018), rational consideration (Benartzi, Beshears, Milkman, Sunstein, Thaler, Shankar, Tucker-Ray, Congdon, and Galing 2017;Comey, 2009;Craig and Piquero 2017;Mawritz, Greenbaum, Butts, and Graham 2017;Olafsen, Niemiec, Halvari, Deci, and Williams 2017;Pratt and Cullen 2005), or learning from others (Baird and Zelin 2009;Bussmann, Niemeczek, and Vockrodt 2018;Sutherland 1983). The perceived innocence at crime can be caused by justification (Engdahl 2015;Gamache and McNamara 2019;Gao and Zhang 2019;Nichol 2019;Schnatterly, Gangloff, and Tuschke 2018) and neutralization (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990;Sykes and Matza 1957;Welsh, Ordonez, Snyder, and Christian 2014).…”