“…Although most LV networks have not yet seen high penetrations of PV systems, impacts such as voltage rise, thermal overloads, higher levels of imbalance, and higher levels of harmonics, etc. are expected as penetration increases [2], [3], [4]. To adequately assess the extent to which current LV networks can host future penetrations of small-scale PV systems without exceeding thermal limits of assets (lines or transformers) or statutory voltage limits, it is necessary to have realistic models.…”
“…Although most LV networks have not yet seen high penetrations of PV systems, impacts such as voltage rise, thermal overloads, higher levels of imbalance, and higher levels of harmonics, etc. are expected as penetration increases [2], [3], [4]. To adequately assess the extent to which current LV networks can host future penetrations of small-scale PV systems without exceeding thermal limits of assets (lines or transformers) or statutory voltage limits, it is necessary to have realistic models.…”
“…Although other relevant technical aspects such as congestion, voltage rise, reverse power flows, etc. are considered [5], it is mainly based on maximum generation-minimum demand scenarios that, for renewable sources, do not occur frequently. While this passive way of planning and operating distribution networks has proven cost-effective in the last decades, it might in the future become a barrier for increasing penetrations of DG and non-conventional loads.…”
Abstract--Modern planning tools for active distribution networks should integrate network operation practices in the set of feasible planning alternatives, adopting probabilistic calculations (to capture the uncertain behavior of demand and generation) as well as multi-objective approaches. However, despite the recognized importance of active network solutions, most utilities do not consider such concepts as viable alternatives in their planning processes. Thus, utilities largely follow traditional 'fit and forget' planning approaches, i.e., only network reinforcements to cope with the worst case scenario. One of the reasons of this stagnation is the lack of ad hoc business cases that prove the benefits of active networks. Here, some business cases on real distribution networks have been prepared by using a novel planning tool to deal with all the uncertainties that characterize the future scenarios of distribution systems.
“…Although this trend of future grid leads to lower power loss, higher reliability, and lower Carbone dioxide emission, implementation of high penetration of DGs causes new challenges for protection systems. These challenges include higher level of fault current, bidirectional nature of fault current, mechanical stress on Circuit Breakers (CBs) and transformers, miscoordination of conventional overcurrent relays, tripping of healthy feeders, sympathetic tripping, and week-infeed loop fault [1]- [3] .…”
Abstract-Fault current limiters (FCLs) are one class of solutions to cope with the upcoming challenges in microgrid protection. Considering high penetration of distributed generations (DGs) in microgrids, the necessity of designing cheap and effective FCL is getting higher. This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing an embedded FCL operating based on modifying the secondary control of DGs. As this method is designed for fourwire system, besides cost-effectiveness, it has independency and flexibility to only limit the fault current of DG. In order to validate the proposed method, different types of faults are examined through an extensive simulation study.
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