Sulphated glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the developing vertebral column of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Abstract

In the present study, the distribution of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the developing vertebral column of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at 700, 900, 1100 and 1400 d° was examined by light microscopy. The mineralization pattern was outlined by Alizarin red S and soft structures by Alcian blue. The temporal and spatial distribution patterns of different types of GAGs: chondroitin-4-sulphate/dermatan sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, chondroitin-0-sulphate and keratan sulphate were addressed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against the different GAGs. The specific pattern obtained with the different antibodies suggests a unique role of the different GAG types in pattern formation and mineralization. In addition, the distribution of the different GAG types in normal and malformed vertebral columns from 15 g salmon was compared. A changed expression pattern of GAGs was found in the malformed vertebrae, indicating the involvement of these molecules during the pathogenesis. The molecular size of proteoglycans (PGs) in the vertebrae carrying GAGs was analysed with western blotting, and mRNA transcription of the PGs aggrecan, decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin and lumican by real-time qPCR. Our study reveals the importance of GAGs in development of vertebral column also in Atlantic salmon and indicates that a more comprehensive approach is necessary to completely understand the processes involved.

Utilization of acid hydrolysed phosphorous from herring bone by-products in feed for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) start-feeding fry

“…The resulting mechanical strength of bone is therefore highly dependent on the bone architecture; e.g. the mineral content, the crystallinity and crosslinking of the ECM, the relationship to the non-mineral phase of the bone, and also to a balanced activity between osteoblasts (bone cells) and chondrocytes (cartilage cells) (Ytteborg et al, 2010a;Pedersen et al, 2011;Hannesson et al, 2015;Totland et al, 2011;Currey, 2003). The activity of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) has been used as markers for osteoblast and osteoclast activities, hence as markers of bone formation and bone resorption, respectively (Ytteborg et al, 2010a(Ytteborg et al, , 2010bWitten, 1997).…”