Sulfur Dioxide Reactions with Ammonia in Humid Air

Abstract

and useful discussions with J. F. Davidson are acknowledged. Nomenclature D = column diameter, m G = superficial gas mass velocity, kg/m2 sec g = gravitional acceleration, m/sec2 1 = length of tube section, m L = liquid volumetric flow rate, m3/sec A p / l = gas pressure gradient, N/m3 t = film thickness, m u = liquid velocity, m/sec UC, = superficial gas velocity, m/sec a = liquid fraction Ti = interfacial shear stress, N/m2 Literature CitedThe reaction of gaseous SO2 and NH3 in humid air at 23°C to form solid reaction products was studied experimentally in a flow-type reactor. With excess water vapor and oxygen, pure ammonium sulfate was formed in an initial concentration range of 4 to 60 mmol m-3. At equimolar ratios of NH3 and Son, ammonium sulfamate (3%) was also obtained. At water vapor concentrations approaching those of NH3 and SO2, the principal products were NH3.S02 and (NH3)2-S02 adducts with minor amounts of "$303, (NH4)2S207, NH4N3, and N3H7S04. At lower concentrations of 0 2 the reaction product was primarily (NH3)2-S02 with secondary products of N3H7S04 and NH3S03. The reaction rate was dependent on the amount of water vapor present but independent of the oxygen concentration. Rate constants were in the range 1-6 X l o 5 I. mol-' sec-'.

Nanometer-Sized Particle Formation from NH3/SO2/H2O/Air Mixtures by Ionizing Irradiation

“…The NH,SO, concentration is predicted to be higher than that of (NH4),S0, at reaction times shorter than about 10 s. At 1.7 s the number concentration of NH,SO, is predicted to be about 10 times larger than that of (NH4),S04. If NH,SO, is a solid as reported by Hartley and Matteson (1975), it is possible that NH3S03 molecules initially form nanometer-sized particles evolving to (NH,),SO, particles by further reaction with NH, and H,O. The main mechanism of particle formation is homogeneous nucleation of (NH,),SO, molecules produced by the H2S04-NH, reaction.…”

“…Reactions that lead to particle formation in S02/H20/Air and NH,/S02/H20/Air mixtures have been discussed previously (Scott et al, 1969;Kiang et al, 1973;Hartley and Matteson, 1975;Tokunaga and Suzuki, 1984;Diamond et al, 1985;Jordan et al, 1986;Shen et al, 1990;Chang et al, 1992;Makel$ 1992;Christensen, 1994;Christensen et al, 1994). Eisele and Tanner (1991) and Christensen et al (1994) In the presence of NH,, H2S04 reacts with NH, to produce (NH4),SO,, Hartley and Matteson (1975), Shen et al (1990), and Christensen et al (1994) have reported that SO, also reacts directly with NH3, 7 SO, + NH, + NH3S03 It has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis that NH3S0, is a solid at room temperature similar to (NH4),S04 (Hartley and Matteson, 1975). NH,S03 reacts with NH, and H,O leading finally to (NH4),S04, In order to estimate the concentrations of NH,SO, and (NH,),S04, the production rate of OH radicals by a-ray irradiation must be determined.…”

“…H,Oi ions in reactions (10) and (11) Mallard et al, 1993Mallard et al, 1993Mallard ct al., 1993Mallard et al, 1993Mallard et al, 1993Mallard et al, 1993Hartley and Matteson, 1975Hartley and Matteson, 1975Hartley and Mattcson, 1975 The reaction rate constants are given in Table 1 together with references. In calculations, the molecular concentration was used instead of the mixing ratio used in the experiments.…”

SO2 Removal by NH3 Gas Injection: Effects of Temperature and Moisture Content

“…Shale (1973) and Keener and Davis (1988) postulated the reaction products to be ("4)~-SO3 and ammonium bisulfite (NH4HS03). Hartley and Matteson (1975) Stromberger (1984) used X-ray diffraction and identified the product particles to be (NH&S04 crystals.…”

Production of elemental sulfur and ammonium thiosulfate by the oxidation of H2S containing water vapor and ammonia over V/Zr-PILC catalysts

“…Hartley and Matterson [58] reported the formation of ammonium bisulfite or ammonium sulfite from the reaction of SO 2 and NH 3 in the presence of water.…”