Sulfur budget above the Eastern Mediterranean: relative contribution of
                        anthropogenic and biogenic sources

Kouvarakis, G.; Bardouki, H.; Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos

doi:10.3402/tellusb.v54i3.16661

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The low HNO 3 concentration over the oceanic region might promote small F dry‐ g relative to F dry‐ p for nitrate. For the phase partitioning of SO 2 and nss‐SO 4 2− , one order larger F dry for SO 2 was reported for the eastern Mediterranean [ Kouvarakis et al , 2002]. In their results, SO 2 concentrations were nearly equal to nss‐SO 4 2− , which is also different from this study.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 97%

Factors controlling sea salt modification and dry deposition of nonsea‐salt components to the ocean

Kawakami¹,

Osada²,

Nishita³

et al. 2008

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] Modification of sea salt aerosol particles (SSA particles) by HNO 3 and SO 2 is an important process for changing phase partitioning of acidic gases from industrial regions to the ocean. During 12-29 September 2005, size-segregated aerosol particles and acidic gases were sampled around the western part of the Japanese Islands to elucidate controlling factors of modification of SSA particles by acidic gases and to estimate dry deposition flux over the ocean. For coarse (>2 mm diameter) SSA particles, the amount of Cl À deficiency from the seawater ratio was comparable to the sum of the equivalent concentrations of NO 3 À and nonsea-salt (nss) SO 4 2À , suggesting Cl À displacement of SSA particles by acidic gases such as HNO 3 and SO 2 . The Cl À deficiency of SSA particles varied according to the size range and wind speed. Decreasing modification occurred with increasing wind speed for particles of 2-8 mm. Under high (low) wind conditions, the NO 3 À concentration per unit surface area of coarse SSA particles was lower (higher) for particles >8 mm than for those of 2-8 mm diameter. The respective dry deposition fluxes (F dry ) of NO 3 À , nss-SO 4 2À , HNO 3 , and SO 2 were estimated according to the wind speed and size of aerosol particles. On average, the F dry of particulate NO 3 À was 10 times larger than that of HNO 3 , but F dry of nss-SO 4 2À was almost equal to that of SO 2 . Phase partitioning of dry deposition for NO 3 À and nss-SO 4 2À over the ocean differs from that of coastal marine areas.Citation: Kawakami, N., K. Osada, C. Nishita, M. Yabuki, H. Kobayashi, K. Hara, and M. Shiobara (2008), Factors controlling sea salt modification and dry deposition of nonsea-salt components to the ocean,

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 97%

Factors controlling sea salt modification and dry deposition of nonsea‐salt components to the ocean

Kawakami¹,

Osada²,

Nishita³

et al. 2008

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…A Summer increase in biogenic (marine phytoplankton) sulphate aerosols could account for such result. In fact, an important impact of biogenic sulphur is found in the Summer Eastern Mediterranean atmosphere, even though the major source of sulphate in this region is still assigned to long-range transport (Ganor et al, 2000;Kouvarakis et al, 2002). Figure 9 shows the substantial reduction of the Fall AOT average with respect to the Summer one.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Aerosol seasonal variability over the Mediterranean region and relative impact of maritime, continental and Saharan dust particles over the basin from MODIS data in the year 2001

2004

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Abstract.The one-year (2001) record of aerosol data from the space borne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is analyzed focusing on the Mediterranean region. The MODIS aerosol optical thickness standard product (AOT at 550 nm) provided over both land and ocean is employed to evaluate the seasonal and spatial variability of the atmospheric particulate over the region. Expected accuracy of the MODIS AOT is (±0.05±0.2×AOT) over land and (±0.03±0.05×AOT) over ocean. The seasonal analysis reveals a significant AOT variability all over the region, with minimum values in Winter (AOT<0.15) and maximum in Summer (AOT>0.2). The spatial variability is also found to be considerable, particularly over land. The impact of some major urban sites and industrialized areas is detectable. For the sole Mediterranean basin, a method (aerosol mask) was implemented to separate the contribution of maritime, continental and desert dust aerosol to the total AOT. Input of both continental and desert dust particles is well captured, showing North-to-South and South-to-North AOT gradients, respectively. A quantitative summary of the AOT seasonal and regional variability is given for different sectors of the Mediterranean basin. Results of this summary were also used to test the aerosol mask assumptions and indicate the method adopted to be suitable for the aerosol type selection. Estimates of the atmospheric aerosol mass load were performed employing specifically-derived massto-extinction efficiencies (α). For each aerosol type, a reliable mean α value was determined on the basis of both lidar measurements of extinction and aerosol models. These estimates indicate a total of 43 Mtons of desert dust suspended over the basin during 2001. A comparable value is derived for maritime aerosol. Opposite to the dust case, a minor seasonal variability (within 15%) of maritime aerosol mass is Correspondence to: F. Barnaba (f.barnaba@isac.cnr.it) found. This latter result is considered a further check of the suitability of the methodology adopted to separate, on the basis of MODIS data, the three aerosol types which dominate the Mediterranean region.

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“…Nss‐ SO 4 2− concentrations during Paur II were about 40% lower to that reported for Finokalia during spring 1994. Although important interannual variation in nss‐SO 4 2− can partially account for this difference [ Kouvarakis et al, 2002], the data collected during spring 1994 were exclusively originating from N/NW sectors, which was not the case for the PAUR II samples (see discussion below).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical, physical, and optical characterization of aerosols during PAUR II experiment

et al. 2002

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[1] During a 1-month campaign conducted in May 1999 in the frame of Photochemical Activity and Solar Ultraviolet Radiation (PAUR II) project, determination of the ionic composition and physical and optical properties of the aerosol have been performed at a coastal site in Crete. Non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO 4 2Ϫ ), nitrate (NO 3 Ϫ ) non-sea-salt calcium (nss-Ca 2ϩ ), and ammonium (NH 4 ϩ ) have been identified as the main non-sea-salt ionic components of the aerosol. Air mass origin was found to be an important factor controlling the variation of the above ions as well as their particle size distribution. During the experiment, aerosol scattering coefficient ranges from 2 to 51 (M m Ϫ1 ) with no significant difference between dusty and nondusty periods. Significant correlations have been observed between (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 mass measured during the campaign, aerosol scattering coefficient, and aerosol single-scattering albedo indicating the key role of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in determining the radiative forcing of the eastern Mediterranean area. Finally, non-sea-salt calcium was found to better reproduce the variation of optical depth, more than any other ionic species.

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Sulfur budget above the Eastern Mediterranean: relative contribution of anthropogenic and biogenic sources

Cited by 24 publications

References 27 publications

Factors controlling sea salt modification and dry deposition of nonsea‐salt components to the ocean

Factors controlling sea salt modification and dry deposition of nonsea‐salt components to the ocean

Aerosol seasonal variability over the Mediterranean region and relative impact of maritime, continental and Saharan dust particles over the basin from MODIS data in the year 2001

Chemical, physical, and optical characterization of aerosols during PAUR II experiment

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