Factors controlling sea salt modification and dry deposition of nonsea‐salt components to the ocean

Kawakami, Norifumi; Osada, Kazuo; Nishita, Chiharu; Yabuki, Masanori; Kobayashi, Hiroshi; Hara, Keiichiro; Shiobara, Masataka

doi:10.1029/2007jd009410

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…A similar arrangement and strategy of 15:00 16:00 CN, no. cm aerosol sampling was used by Kawakami et al (2008 were used as sampling substrates for the second and third stages of the impactor. The backup filter was a 47 mm diameter PTFE filter (nominal pore size of 1.0 µm; Advantec Toyo Kaisha Ltd.).…”

Section: Ionic Constituents Of Size-segregated Aerosol Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 7b and c respectively portray horizontal distributions of non-sea-salt potassium (nss-K + ) and oxalate concentrations in aerosol particles with sizes of 0.2-2 µm. These species are regarded as originating mainly from biomass burning (Andreae, 1983;Kawamura and Kaplan, 1987;Narukawa et al, 1999). Although the nss-K + concentrations were below the detection limit (black circle in Fig.…”

Section: Relation Between Backward Air Mass Trajectorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological features and mixing states of soot-containing particles in the marine boundary layer over the Indian and Southern oceans

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Mixing states of soot-containing aerosol particles constitute important information for the simulation of climatic effects of black carbon in the atmosphere. To elucidate the mixing states and morphological features of soot-containing particles over remote oceans, we conducted on-board observations over the southern Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean during the TR/V Umitaka-maru UM-08-09 cruise, which started from Benoa, Indonesia, on 1 December 2008 via Cape Town, South Africa, and which terminated in Fremantle, Australia, on 6 February 2009. The light absorption coefficients of size-segregated particles (< 0.5 and < 1.0 µm diameter) and aerosol number concentrations (0.1–0.5 µm diameter) were measured to assist direct aerosol sampling. Size-segregated aerosol particles were collected for chemical analysis using ion chromatography. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses using water-dialysis methods, dried submicrometer aerosol particles were collected using a cascade impactor. We analyzed 13 TEM samples. Results of water-dialysis analysis demonstrate that most particles were water-soluble. However, for all TEM samples, particles were rarely found (2.1 % of particles on a TEM sample at a maximum) containing insoluble residuals with the characteristic soot shape. For samples collected over the Indian and Southern oceans at latitudes less than 62∘ S, some (20–35 %) soot-containing particles were found as bare soot. For samples collected near the Antarctic coast (65–68∘ S, 38–68∘ E), all soot-containing particles were mixed with water-soluble materials. Furthermore, 56 % of soot-containing particles had a satellite structure formed by the impact of droplets such as sulfuric acid. Chemical analysis of submicrometer particles near the Antarctic coast revealed high concentrations of non-sea-salt (nss) SO42- and CH3SO3-, suggesting that aged soot-containing particles were transformed by soluble materials derived from dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation. The obtained information of soot at various remote ocean areas is expected to be useful to understand long-range transport processes and to improve simulations of global soot concentration.

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Section: Ionic Constituents Of Size-segregated Aerosol Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relation Between Backward Air Mass Trajectorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological features and mixing states of soot-containing particles in the marine boundary layer over the Indian and Southern oceans

et al. 2018

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“…Data indicated by pink arrows are data removed by screening (2). aerosol sampling was used by Kawakami et al (2008). The estimated 50 % cutoff diameter for Stage 1 was 8 µm, with 2 µm for Stage 2, and 0.2 µm for Stage 3 at a flow rate of 20 L min −1 .…”

Section: Ionic Constituents Of Size-segregated Aerosol Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Osada¹

2018

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Mixing states of soot-containing aerosol particles constitute important information for the simulation of climatic effects of black carbon in the atmosphere. To elucidate the mixing states and morphological features of sootcontaining particles over remote oceans, we conducted onboard observations over the southern Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean during the TR/V Umitaka-maru UM-08-09 cruise, which started from Benoa, Indonesia, on 1 December 2008 via Cape Town, South Africa, and which terminated in Fremantle, Australia, on 6 February 2009. The light absorption coefficients of size-segregated particles (< 0.5 and < 1.0 µm diameter) and aerosol number concentrations (0.1-0.5 µm diameter) were measured to assist direct aerosol sampling. Size-segregated aerosol particles were collected for chemical analysis using ion chromatography. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses using waterdialysis methods, dried submicrometer aerosol particles were collected using a cascade impactor. We analyzed 13 TEM samples. Results of water-dialysis analysis demonstrate that most particles were water-soluble. However, for all TEM samples, particles were rarely found (2.1 % of particles on a TEM sample at a maximum) containing insoluble residuals with the characteristic soot shape. For samples collected over the Indian and Southern oceans at latitudes less than 62 • S, some (20-35 %) soot-containing particles were found as bare soot. For samples collected near the Antarctic coast (65-68 • S, 38-68 • E), all soot-containing particles were mixed with water-soluble materials. Furthermore, 56 % of soot-containing particles had a satellite structure formed by the impact of droplets such as sulfuric acid. Chemical analysis of submicrometer particles near the Antarctic coast revealed high concentrations of non-sea-salt (nss) SO 2− 4 and CH 3 SO − 3 , suggesting that aged soot-containing particles were transformed by soluble materials derived from dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation. The obtained information of soot at various remote ocean areas is expected to be useful to understand long-range transport processes and to improve simulations of global soot concentration.

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“…To prevent contamination from the ship's boundary layer, the inlet of the weather shield was designed to protrude toward the bow from the edge of the uppermost deck. A similar arrangement and strategy of aerosol sampling was used by Kawakami et al (2008). The estimated 50% cut-off diameter for Stage 1 was 8 μm, with 2 μm for Stage 2, and 0.2 μm for Stage 3 at a flow rate of 20 L min -1 .…”

Section: Ionic Constituents Of Size-segregated Aerosol Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological features and mixing states of soot-containing particles in the marine boundary layer over the Indian and Southern Oceans

Ueda¹,

Osada²,

Hara³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. Mixing states of soot-containing aerosol particles are important information for the simulation of climatic effects of black carbon aerosols in the atmosphere. To elucidate the mixing states and morphological features of soot-containing 10 particles in remote ocean areas, we conducted onboard observations over the southern Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean during the TR/V Umitaka-maru UM-08-09 cruise, which started from Benoa, Indonesia on 1 December 2008 via Cape Town, South Africa and which terminated in Fremantle, Australia on 6 February 2009. The light absorption coefficients of sizesegregated particles (<0.3 and <1.5 μm diameter) and aerosol number concentrations (0.1-0.5 μm diameter) were measured to assist direct aerosol sampling. Size-segregated aerosol particles were collected for chemical analysis using ion 15 chromatography. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses with water-dialysis methods, dried submicrometer aerosol particles were collected using a cascade impactor. For detailed individual particle analyses, 13 TEM samples were selected according to their geographical distribution and light absorbing coefficients. Results of water-dialysis analysis show that most particles were water soluble. However, for all TEM samples, rarely particles (2.1% of particles on a TEM sample at a maximum) were found as particles containing insoluble residuals having the characteristic soot shape. For samples 20 collected over the Indian and Southern Oceans at latitudes less than 62°S, some (20-38%) soot-containing particles were found as bare soot. For samples collected near the Antarctic coast (65-68°S, 38-68°E), all soot-containing particles were mixed with water-soluble materials. Furthermore, 56% of soot-containing particles had a satellite structure formed by impaction of droplets such as sulfuric acid. Chemical analysis of submicrometer particles near the Antarctic coast revealed high concentrations of non-sea-salt (nss) SO4 2 -and CH3SO3 -, suggesting that aged soot-containing particles were formed by 25 heterogeneous SO4 2-formation and coagulation of ultra-fine particles over the Southern Ocean.

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Factors controlling sea salt modification and dry deposition of nonsea‐salt components to the ocean

Cited by 16 publications

References 51 publications

Morphological features and mixing states of soot-containing particles in the marine boundary layer over the Indian and Southern oceans

Morphological features and mixing states of soot-containing particles in the marine boundary layer over the Indian and Southern oceans

Reply to RC1

Morphological features and mixing states of soot-containing particles in the marine boundary layer over the Indian and Southern Oceans

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