Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized Solid Acid Catalyst in Esterification and Transesterification Reactions

Shagufta,; Ahmad, Irshad; Dhar, Rahul

doi:10.1007/s10563-017-9226-1

Cited by 56 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…In addition, several other sulphonic acid-functionalized catalysts were successfully developed and exploited in the production of biodiesel. In this context, Shagufta et al 374 reviewed all such sulphonic acid-functionalized in catalysts esterification and transesterification reactions. This review can be consulted for more detail information.…”

Section: Sulfonated Carbon-based Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

Changmai¹,

Vanlalveni²,

Bhagat³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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<p>An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.</p>

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Section: Sulfonated Carbon-based Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

Changmai¹,

Vanlalveni²,

Bhagat³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The catalyst frequently utilized is a homogenous acid catalyst. Despite the fact that the homogeneous acid catalyst improves the kinetics, unfortunately, it is undertaking corrosion of the process apparatus, is difficult to separate, and cannot be regenerated, hence increasing production costs (Shagufta et al, 2017). In the midst of catalyst developments, heterogeneous acid catalysts are very effective and available because they can cover the disadvantages of homogeneous catalysts (Alcañiz-Monge et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Parameters Investigation for The Esterification of Free Fatty Acid from Coconut Oil Mill Waste using Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon from Glucose Composite Catalyst

Hasanudin

Asri

Purwaningrum

et al. 2022

molekul

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Coconut oil mill waste (CMW) contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content which potentially could be converted into a value-added product such as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). In this study, a montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon catalyst was used to evaluate the kinetic parameter of FFA conversion from CMW into FAME. The characterization of FTIR and SEM-EDX confirmed that the -SO3H groups were successfully incorporated into montmorillonite- carbon catalyst. The highest catalyst acidity (9.4 mmol/g) was achieved by a ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon of 1:3 % w/w. The kinetic study using montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon 1:3 % w/w showed that the reaction temperature and molar ratio of methanol to FFA (% v/v) were positively correlated to the reaction rate. The highest rate constant of esterification towards the product (k1), reactant (k2), and equilibrium were 0.1187, 0.0595, and 1.995, achieved by a temperature of 80 ˚C, respectively. The Arrhenius constant and activation energy towards the product were 3.3085×106 and 50.3 J/mole, respectively. The reaction temperature was positively correlated to the equilibrium constant, which indicated that the reaction was endothermic. The kinetic model validation revealed that the predicted value from the model was adequately in accordance with the experimental value, as indicated by a high coefficient of determination.

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“…Different solid acid catalysts such as zirconia, zeolite, nafion montmorillonite K10 or their modified forms have been successfully applied in diverse organic reactions including esterification (Liu et al, 2018Diamantopoulos 2015Meghshyam et al, 2011;Jothiramalingam and Wang 2009;López et al, 2008;Reddy et al, 2005). The use of solid acid catalysts for esterification reaction usually results into production of esters including those deployable in biodiesel manufacturing in good yields ( Balan et al, 2021;Mendaros et al, 2020;Shagufta et al, 2017;Saravanan et al, 2014;Narkhede and Patel 2013;Park et al, 2010;Kulkarni et al, 2006). However, mesoporous silicas derived from materials such as TEOS are generally expensive (Elimbinzi et al, 2020(Elimbinzi et al, , 2018, hence there is need for an alternative low cost silica source from agricultural wastes such as rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and wheat husk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Characterisation and Catalytic Evaluation of Castor Oil-Templated Mesoporous Sulfated Solid Acid Catalysts for Esterification Reaction

Nyandoro

Elimbinz²

2022

TJET

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In bio-refinery and other catalytic reactions, heterogeneous catalysts confer advantage over homogenous catalysts due to minimized recovery and separation costs. However, templating surfactant and solid support for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts ought to consider their cheap sources and environmentally friendliness for their sustainable use. Thus, with the vision to make the process significantly benign, in the present work, solid acids were synthesised from renewable sources (castor oil as surfactant and rice husk as the source of silica). The synthesised castor oil-templated mesoporous sulfonic acid modified catalysts (SO3H-MTS and SO3H-MT-RHS) were characterised and evaluated for catalytic esterification of acetic acid (C2), hexanoic acid (C6), lauric acid (C12), palmitic acid (C16), and ricinoleic acid (C18) with butanol at 110 °C. Physicochemical properties of the synthesised materials were characterised by nitrogen porosimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetry, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The porosimetric analysis of the synthesised materials revealed a type IV adsorption-desorption isotherm reminiscent of the mesoporous structures. The surface area of the synthesised materials decreased upon functionalisation by sulfonic group. The DRIFTS and XPS confirmed the attachment of sulfonic functional group on the synthesised materials. Evaluation of the catalytic performance of the synthesized materials was determined through analysis of carboxylic acid conversions using gas chromatographic technique. SO3H-MTS gave higher acid conversions compared to SO3H-MT-RHS. The sulfated solid acid catalysts showed good catalytic activity on the esterification with conversion ranging from 96-37% for C2-C18 with butanol at 110 °C within 6 h. Such castor oil-templated mesoporous sulphated solid acid catalysts can therefore be applied in biodiesel production upon process optimisation.

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Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized Solid Acid Catalyst in Esterification and Transesterification Reactions

Cited by 56 publications

References 93 publications

Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

Kinetic Parameters Investigation for The Esterification of Free Fatty Acid from Coconut Oil Mill Waste using Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon from Glucose Composite Catalyst

Synthesis, Characterisation and Catalytic Evaluation of Castor Oil-Templated Mesoporous Sulfated Solid Acid Catalysts for Esterification Reaction

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