Sulfated polysaccharides isolated from the green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa plays antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in a way dependent on HO-1 pathway activation

Abstract

CrII did not produce any signs of toxicity and effectively decreased nociception and inflammation. Also, the anti-inflammatory effect of Crll is at least in part dependent on the integrity of the HO-1 pathway.

<b><i>In vitro</i> inactivation of thrombin generation by polysulfated fractions isolated from the tropical coenocytic green seaweed <i>Caulerpa racemosa</i> (Caulerpaceae, Bryopsidales)

“…On the basis of these results, the total amount of material (76.5%) recovered from the column (Table 1) was also as expected (Rodrigues et al, 2010). Thus, regarding the chemical analyses, the 0.75 M NaCl fraction (F II) confirmed its highest levels of sulfate (24%), total sugars (48.34%) and absence of SPs-bound proteins among the fractions (Table 1), as accordingly published on the heterogeneous composition of the C. racemosa SPs from the total sugars/sulfate ratio (Ribeiro et al, 2014) by using the DEAE-cellulose algal crude SP separation (Rodrigues et al, 2010).…”

“…In this study, 24 h after papain-assisted extraction, a total yield only of 0.7% crude SP from the dehydrated raw matter was achieved against 2.2 and 4% obtained by Rodrigues et al (2010) and by Ribeiro et al (2014), respectively, who formerly analyzed the C. racemosa crude SP extraction yield using protease treatment. This lowest yield result was consistent with those of other studied Caulerpa species that revealed total yields varying from 0.6 to 20% (Ghosh et al, 2004;Ji et al, 2008;Rodrigues et al, 2012b;Wang et al, 2014).…”

“…Conventional treatment with the cationic dye toluidine blue confirmed SPs in extract and fractions exhibiting polydispersion (Rodrigues et al, 2012b;Ribeiro et al, 2014) co-migrating close to UHEP on agarose gel (Figure 1Aa). Additionally, F I and F III had lowest metachromasy between extract and F II as supported the sulfate analysis (Table 1) due to a relatively lower degree of sulfation (ester sulfate groups, S=O) of the SPs (Rodrigues et al, 2010).…”

“…As our TG system would be sensitive to analyze anticoagulants (Rodrigues et al, 2016;Rodrigues et al, 2017a;Salles et al, 2017), inactivation of TG by C. racemosa SPs could interfere with their antiinflammatory actions (Ribeiro et al, 2014), because the concentration of SPs was about 2.43-fold lower in the anticoagulation. Increased TG induces thrombosis associated with neutrophil adhesion during the inflammatory response initiated when injury to a vessel wall exposes the blood to tissue factor in the subendothelium (Rau et al, 2007).…”

“…Focusing on the C. racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh species, a crude SP was shown to be anticoagulant and antiviral in vitro (Ghosh et al, 2004;Ghosh et al, 2009). Subsequently, three SPs fractions (F I, F II and F III) from this algal species have been isolated (Rodrigues et al, 2010), of which F II had anticoagulant (Rodrigues et al, 2012b), antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects devoid of toxicity in mice (Ribeiro et al, 2014). Fractions F I and F II modestly altered the normal APTT method compared with UHEP (Rodrigues et al, 2010;Rodrigues et al, 2012b).…”