Sugar-Sweetened Coffee Intake and Blood Glucose Management in Korean Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

One of the most frequently consumed beverages by Korean adults is 3-in-1 coffee (mixed coffee) with sugar and creamer. Hence, understanding the effect of sugar-sweetened coffee (SSC) consumption on blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is important. This study was conducted using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2008 to 2020. In total, 5671 patients with DM were included in the analysis. Coffee consumption patterns were assessed using a 24 h recall. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were used to evaluate whether patients reached the glycemic control targets defined by the Korean Diabetes Association. In total, 46.57% of patients with DM included in this analysis consumed SSC. Patients who frequently consumed SSC had significantly higher FBG and HbA1c levels than those who did not (both p for trend <0.01). In a multivariate logistic regression model, the odds ratios of not achieving the target FBG and HbA1c levels were 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–1.48, p for trend = 0.01) and 1.29 (95% CI: 1.05–1.58, p for trend = 0.009), respectively. Frequent consumption of SSC can cause difficulty in FBG and HbA1c management in patients with DM.

Prevalence of and factors associated with suboptimal glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending public hospitals in the Greater Male’ Region, Maldives: a hospital-based cross-sectional study

“…Participants who did not exercise regularly had greater odds of having suboptimal glycemic control than those who exercised regularly. This finding was supported by studies conducted in Ethiopia [21], Northeast Nigeria [33], Yemen [34], Uganda [35], and Saudi Arabia [26], which reported that those who were not engaged in physical activity had a greater risk of developing suboptimal glycemic control than those who did exercise. Exercising may lower blood glucose levels because active muscles absorb more glucose than resting muscles, which enhances insulin receptors and sensitivity [36].…”

Relationship Between Coffee Consumption Habits and Farmers’ Blood Glucose Levels in Jenggawah Village, Jenggawah Subdistrict, Jember Regency

“…High sugar intake can lead to an increase in glycemic index and a decrease in HDL levels by disturbing insulin sensitivity. The high saturated fatty acid content of creamer is also associated with reduced antiinflammatory properties of HDL cholesterol (Kim et al, 2014;Yoo & Park, 2022).…”

“…According to one prospective cohort study conducted on the Korean population, men who consumed 3-in-1 coffee had a lower risk of developing high fasting blood glucose levels than those who did not (Tan et al, 2021). In contrast to these results, a cross-sectional study also conducted in Korea showed that 3-in-1 coffee consumption in DM patients was positively correlated with the increase in fasting blood glucose levels (Yoo & Park, 2022).…”

Association between coffee consumption and diabetic complications: A two- sample Mendelian randomization study

“…In a long-term survey, coffee exposure increases the vulnerability to fasting blood glucose in subjects 48 . Fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations are substantially increased in diabetic patients who routinely consume sugar-sweetened coffee, suggesting that coffee not only in uences the onset of diabetes but also promotes the progression of diabetes 49 . Caffeine and its metabolites in healthy adults are positively correlated with insulin resistance (IR) and beta-cell function 50,51 .…”