Mulberry latex contains extremely high concentrations of alkaloidal sugar mimic glycosidase inhibitors, such as 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (D-AB1) and 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ).Although these compounds do not harm the silkworm, Bombyx mori, a mulberry specialist, they are highly toxic to insects that do not normally feed on mulberry leaves. D-AB1 and DNJ are strong inhibitors of ␣-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20); however, they do not affect the activity of -fructofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.26). Although ␣-glucosidase genes are found in a wide range of organisms, -fructofuranosidase genes have not been identified in any animals so far. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of -fructofuranosidase genes (BmSuc1 and BmSuc2) from B. mori. The BmSuc1 gene was highly expressed in the midgut and silk gland, whereas the expression of BmSuc2 gene was not detected. BmSuc1 encodes a functional -fructofuranosidase, whose enzymatic activity was not inhibitedbyDNJorD-AB1.WealsoshowedthatBmSUC1proteinlocalized within the midgut goblet cell cavities. Collectively, our data clearly demonstrated that BmSuc1 serves as a sugar-digesting enzyme in the silkworm physiology. This anomalous presence of the -fructofuranosidase gene in the B. mori genome may partly explain why the silkworm can circumvent the mulberry's defense system.Certain plants have evolved defense mechanisms against insect predation through the production of defense compounds (1-3). This is reflected by the limited number of insects capable of feeding on such plants. In particular, plant latex often contains a wide variety of toxic compounds, such as alkaloids and proteases, which play an important role in a plant's defense mechanism against insect herbivory (2, 4 -6).Mulberry latex contains extremely high concentrations of alkaloidal sugar mimic glycosidase inhibitors, such as 1,4-2 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), and 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol (2, 7). These sugar mimic alkaloids are not toxic to larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori (family Bombycidae), which feed only on mulberry leaves and have been reared on them for thousands of years (2). However, these compounds are highly toxic to other caterpillars, such as the eri-silkworm Samia cynthia ricini (family Saturniidae) and cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae (family Noctuidae), for which mulberry trees are not the host plant in natural conditions (2). This indicates that the silkworm has evolved an unknown mechanism to circumvent the toxic effects of such sugar mimic alkaloids, thus enabling it to feed and grow well on mulberry leaves (2, 8).Sucrases are digestive enzymes that hydrolyze ␣-glucosyl (␣-glucosidase, EC 3.2.1.20) or -fructosyl residue (-fructofuranosidase, EC 3.2.1.26) of the substrate. D-AB1 and DNJ are strong inhibitors of ␣-glucosidases; however, they do not exhibit inhibitory activity against -fructofuranosidases (7). Although ␣-glucosidases are found in many types of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, it has been generally assumed that -fructof...