“…More generally, some of the latest surveys on specific aspects of violating content have been on detecting fake news [Thorne and Vlachos, 2018;Islam et al, 2020;Kotonya and Toni, 2020], disinformation Hardalov et al, 2022], misinformation Nakov et al, 2021c], rumours [Bondielli and Marcelloni, 2019], propaganda [Da San Martino et al, 2020], memes [Afridi et al, 2021], hate speech [Fortuna and Nunes, 2018;Schmidt and Wiegand, 2017], cyberbullying [Haidar et al, 2016], and offensive content [Husain and Uzuner, 2021].…”