Subversion of the immune response of human pathogenic spirochetes

Abstract

Spirochetes are prokaryotic microorganisms that are slender, flexible, spiral-shaped, and highly motile. They are widely distributed in nature and are commonly found in water, soil, and other putrefactive organic matter, as well as in the human mouth and animal body.Spirochetes are mainly divided into five genera of Spirochaetaceae based on differences in size, regularity, space structure, physiological characteristics, and host cells. There are namely Cristispira, 1