Subversion of host immune responses by otopathogens during otitis media

Parrish, James M.; Soni, Manasi; Mittal, Rahul

doi:10.1002/jlb.4ru0119-003r

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…Beside the nutritional immunity, NTHi also needs to combat oxidative stress such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated by the airway immune defense. Hence, NTHi upregulated the expression of OxyR regulon (antioxidant enzymes (peroxiredoxin (PgdX) and catalase (HktE)) as shown in the chinchilla ME (Whitby et al, 2012;Parrish et al, 2019).…”

Section: Gene Expression During Colonizationmentioning

confidence: 91%

Gene Expression Regulation in Airway Pathogens: Importance for Otitis Media

Janouková

Straw

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Otitis media (OM) is an inflammatory disorder in the middle ear. It is mainly caused by viruses or bacteria associated with the airways. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are the three main pathogens in infection-related OM, especially in younger children. In this review, we will focus upon the multifaceted gene regulation mechanisms that are well-orchestrated in S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis during the course of infection in the middle ear either in experimental OM or in clinical settings. The sophisticated findings from the past 10 years on how the othopathogens govern their virulence phenotypes for survival and host adaptation via phase variation- and quorum sensing-dependent gene regulation, will be systematically discussed. Comprehensive understanding of gene expression regulation mechanisms employed by pathogens during the onset of OM may provide new insights for the design of a new generation of antimicrobial agents in the fight against bacterial pathogens while combating the serious emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

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Section: Gene Expression During Colonizationmentioning

confidence: 91%

Gene Expression Regulation in Airway Pathogens: Importance for Otitis Media

Janouková

Straw

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…There is growing evidence that host genetic polymorphisms in PRR genes and differences in PRR expression can dysregulate innate immune signalling pathways in response to otopathogens and therefore play a significant role in the induction and pathogenesis of OM (Lin et al, 2017). Furthermore, NTHi is recently reported to utilise phase variable epigenetic regulation to modify and adapt its phenotype but also modify host immune responses (Robledo-Avila et al, 2020), creating a shifting immunological target for the host (Parrish et al, 2019).…”

Section: Pathogen Recognition and Activation Of Signalling Pathways Within The Innate Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pathogenesis of OM is largely due to activation of the innate inflammatory responses to viral and/or bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract (Mandel et al 2008;Bakaletz, 2010;Mittal et al, 2014a;Parrish et al, 2019). Pathogen-induced inflammation in the nasopharynx (primarily due to viral infections) and eustachian tubes (both viral and bacterial infections) then leads to a range of responses including enhanced mucus secretion (Val et al, 2018), neutrophil extracellular traps (Thornton et al, 2013), damage to the epithelium and enhanced commensal bacterial colonisation (Nokso-Koivisto et al, 2015;Chonmaitree et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity in the Middle Ear Mucosa

Massa

Spann

Cripps

2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Otitis media (OM) encompasses a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from the readily identifiable Acute OM (AOM), which is characterised by otalgia and fever, to chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) where impaired hearing due to middle ear effusion may be the only clinical symptom. Chronic suppurative OM (CSOM) presents as a more severe form of OM, involving perforation of the tympanic membrane. The pathogenesis of OM in these varied clinical presentations is unclear but activation of the innate inflammatory responses to viral and/or bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract performs an integral role. This localised inflammatory response can persist even after pathogens are cleared from the middle ear, eustachian tubes and, in the case of respiratory viruses, even the nasal compartment. Children prone to OM may experience an over exuberant inflammatory response that underlies the development of chronic forms of OM and their sequelae, including hearing impairment. Treatments for chronic effusive forms of OM are limited, with current therapeutic guidelines recommending a “watch and wait” strategy rather than active treatment with antibiotics, corticosteroids or other anti-inflammatory drugs. Overall, there is a clear need for more targeted and effective treatments that either prevent or reduce the hyper-inflammatory response associated with chronic forms of OM. Improved treatment options rely upon an in-depth understanding of OM pathogenesis, particularly the role of the host innate immune response during acute OM. In this paper, we review the current literature regarding the innate immune response within the middle ear to bacterial and viral otopathogens alone, and as co-infections. This is an important consideration, as the role of respiratory viruses as primary pathogens in OM is not yet fully understood. Furthermore, increased reporting from PCR-based diagnostics, indicates that viral/bacterial co-infections in the middle ear are more common than bacterial infections alone. Increasingly, the mechanisms by which viral/bacterial co-infections may drive or maintain complex innate immune responses and inflammation during OM as a chronic response require investigation. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic OM, including host innate immune response within the middle ear is vital for development of improved diagnostic and treatment options for our children.

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“…Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is one of the most common ear infections in humans, affecting about 65-330 million people a year, especially children, school children are more susceptible than adults, it is a chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity. With perforation of the tympanic membrane accompanied by purulent secretions, inflammation usually occurs after acute otitis media or after acute upper respiratory infections (Parrish et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized by Aloe barbdensis and chemically manufactured on Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the inflamed middle ear

Hammood

Nijris

Alwan

2022

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The study included the collection of 100 samples of otitis media patients for the period between 15/9/2021 to 15/1/2022 from Samarra General Hospital and private clinics. Bacterial isolates were diagnosed with a set of microscopic and biochemical tests and the Vitek-2 system. The results of this diagnosis showed that 87(87%) samples gave a positive result for bacterial growth and showed that Klebsiella pneumonia was 16(18.39%). Zinc oxide was used in the synthesis of zinc nanoparticles by aloe Vera extract. The properties of the resulting nanomaterial were studied by adopting the diagnostic devices represented by the UV-compliant device, the atomic force microscope, the X-ray diffraction device, the infrared fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as the scanning electron microscope and the device for calculating the zeta potential difference was the results. The results of these devices indicated the formation of zinc oxide particles. In pure form and in different shapes and sizes ranging from 20-40 nm. The effectiveness of biosynthetic nanoparticles was tested against bacteria isolated from the inflamed middle ear, as it was based on four different concentrations 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/ml.

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Subversion of host immune responses by otopathogens during otitis media

Cited by 13 publications

References 147 publications

Gene Expression Regulation in Airway Pathogens: Importance for Otitis Media

Gene Expression Regulation in Airway Pathogens: Importance for Otitis Media

Innate Immunity in the Middle Ear Mucosa

Comparing the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized by Aloe barbdensis and chemically manufactured on Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the inflamed middle ear

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