Subterminal hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids: Crucial lipid mediators in normal physiology and disease states

Blueberry and/or Banana Consumption Mitigate Arachidonic, Cytochrome P450 Oxylipin Generation During Recovery From 75-Km Cycling: A Randomized Trial

“…These ARA-CYP oxylipins included the terminal/subterminal HETEs: 16-, 17-, 18-, 19-, and 20-HETE, and the stable 20-HETE metabolite 20cooh-AA. The terminal/subterminal HETEs are generated from specific types of CYPs (CYP1As, CYP4As, CYP4Fs), and are regarded as pro-inflammatory (31)(32)(33)(34). Terminal/subterminal HETEs are involved in various diseases including hypertension, FIGURE 5 | Post-exercise levels of plasma ARA-CYP HETEs, 20-cooh-AA (stable 20-HETE metabolite), and diHETrEs were attenuated with acute carbohydrate and 2-weeks blueberry intake.…”

Targeting arachidonic acid–related metabolites in COVID-19 patients: potential use of drug-loaded nanoparticles

“…Subterminal (ω-n)-hydroxylation is described as an oxidation reaction mediated by CYP monooxygenases enzymes that transform the methylene (−CH2−) group number 16 to 19 found in the hydrophobic long chain of AA into more polar a l c o h o l p r o d u c t s k n o w n a s s u b t e r m i n a l hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) [16,81]. Subterminal HETEs comprise a group of bioactive lipid mediators that are involved in a wide array of physiological and pathophysiological processes [82].…”

“…Additionally, esterified 16-HETE has a potent effect on the affinity of PMNs adhesion receptors towards endothelial cells since it alters the composition and physical characteristics of the cell membrane of PMNs [97,98]. Moreover, 16-HETE has been demonstrated to act as a potent and specific inhibitor of PMNs function in vitro and has been capable of decreasing elevated intracranial pressure in an experimental model of thromboembolic stroke. Consequently, the anti-neutrophil effect of 16-HETE could be considered as a novel anti-inflammatory approach in the case of COVID-19 patients where neutrophil activation represents a major cause of tissue injury [99,100].…”

“…Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are a superfamily of enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of endobiotics such as steroids, arachidonic acid (AA), and bile acids as well as xenobiotics including drugs and carcinogens. The family comprises 57 human CYP enzymes that are responsible for the metabolism of approximately three-fourths of marketed drugs [15,16]. AA, a part of the membrane phospholipid pool, is engaged in several pathways of metabolism and most of its generated metabolites have a specific biological activity [17].…”

“…Another group of AA metabolites is the subterminal HETEs, they are lipid mediators that are biosynthesized by the catalytic action of CYP monooxygenases such as CYP1A1, CYP2E1, and CYP4F2 [16]. This group of metabolites comprises four members namely 16-, 17-, 18-and 19-HETE; their physiological and pathophysiological roles are not fully elucidated to date.…”