“…It is widely assumed that two of the key internal factors associated with subsidiary role development are subsidiary initiative-taking (Birkinshaw, 1997;Birkinshaw & Hood, 1998;Dörrenbächer & Gammelgaard, 2006), on the one hand, and parent company determinism in the allocation of mandates (Birkinshaw & Hood, 1998;Hood & Taggart, 1999), on the other. However, in terms of R&D roles, the mechanisms driving the evolution are not so straightforward: one argument advocates that subsidiaries with acknowledged advanced R&D mandates may enjoy higher levels of autonomy and, hence, lawfully display greater initiative (Birkinshaw & Hood, 1998;Birkinshaw et al, 2005;Delany, 2000).…”