Subjective story structure∗

Pollard-Gott, Lucy; McCloskey, Michael S.; Todres, Amy K.

doi:10.1080/01638537909544468

Cited by 24 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Rosch, 1978) as well as everyday knowledge of narrative structure (cf. Pollard-Gott, McCloskey, & Todres, 1979), play a crucial role. It is the capacity, widely if not uniformly distributed among people, to summarize the plot of a narrative.…”

Section: Methods A: Inductive Generalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Characteristics, Identification, and Applications of Frames

Dahl

Teller

1994

Psychotherapy Research

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FRAMES (Fundamental Repetitive And Maladaptive Emotion Structures) provide a multipurpose research tool for assessing psychopathology, the psychotherapeutic process and, finally, the treatment outcome. We outline the clinical and theoretical assumptions that underlie and motivate FRAMES, along with the aims of an ongoing research program. We describe four methods for identlfying FRAMES, ranging from our original justified intuition (Method A) to the present systematic set of reliable procedures (Method D). The reliability of necessary judgments, the validity of findings and the strengths and weaknesses are discussed. The FRAMES approach has been successfully used to analyze verbatim transcripts of recorded psychoanalytic and psychotherapy sessions and videotapes and coded records of the behavior of three-year-old children. By applying the FRAMES method to an initial evaluation interview, we demonstrate its usefulness on quite different clinical material.In the early 1980s Teller and Dahl introduced a new method called FRAMES for detecting and representing recurrent patterns of behavior reported by a patient in the manifest content of verbatim transcripts of recorded psychoanalytic sessions (Teller & Dahl, 1981 ). The method also exposed reenactments of these patterns in the transference, as revealed by the patient's behavior toward the analyst (Teller & Dahl, 1986). Since its inception more than a dozen years ago, what was originally envisioned primarily as a means of understanding the basis for and the reasoning behind the inferences that clinicians intuitively make about their patients' behavior has evolved instead into the FRAMES approach to psychotherapy research-a robust, general purpose tool for identlfying psychopathology, tracing process, and measuring change (outcome) and a therapist's contribution to it. FRAMES is now an acronym that stands for Fundamental Repetitive And Maladaptive Emotion Structures (Dahl, 1993).In the first section of this paper we describe the current state of our program of research. Successive sections deal with the motivation for the FRAMES approach and the goals of the research. Four methods for identlfying FRAMES are described, and empirical research findings obtained with each method are summarized. The issues of validity and reliability are discussed along with strengths and weaknesses of the 254 DAHL AND TELLER approach. In the second part of the paper, we apply the FRAMES approach to a new type of data and uncover three FRAMES in an evaluation interview. This demonstrates the usefulness of the FRAMES approach in a quite different clinical setting from the psychoanalytic discourse on which the approach was originally developed. CLINICAL AND THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONSSimply put, FRAMES are the plots of the stories that patients in psychotherapy tell about their repetitive, maladaptive behaviors. More formally we define a FRAME as a recurrent, structured sequence of events that represent significant wishes and beliefs manifested in a person's actions, thoughts, perceptions, andlo...

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Section: Methods A: Inductive Generalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Characteristics, Identification, and Applications of Frames

Dahl

Teller

1994

Psychotherapy Research

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“…At the least, subjective judgments must be supplemented by a theoretical analysis. This approach has been informative in the domain of traditional stories; two studies have shown that subjective judgments at least partially reflect the theoretically determined underlying structures (Mandler, 1982;Pollard-Gott, McCloskey, & Todres, 1979). Because the judgments were compared with an existing theoretical framework, discrepancies could be evaluated and used as a check on the theory.…”

Section: Analyses Of Scene Boundariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective judgments of script structure.

Mandler¹,

Murphy²

1983

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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The effects of surface structure on subjective judgments about the representation of common event sequences was studied. The scripts used by Bower, Black, and Turner (1979) were used as a guide, and their format and length were varied. The scripts were presented as stories or as phrases, in both short and long versions. Subjective judgments about the division of the scripts into units varied markedly, both in comparisons with the Bower et al. study and among the versions used in the present study. Changes in format produced more disagreements than did changes in length. Evidence is presented that the use of a story format, including full sentences and normal punctuation, severely constrains subjects' judgments. When sentence structure is eliminated and only the basic ideas in each sentential phrase are expressed, variability in structure judgments increases. In the absence of precise theoretical specification, the utility of subjective judgments in determining script structure is called into question.Several years ago, Bower, Black, and Turner (1979) published an extensive study of scripts and the role these knowledge representations play in processing. In their first experiment they asked undergraduates to list the events normally associated with common activities, such as going to a restaurant, getting up in the morning, or going to the^doctor. A high degree of agreement was/found in the descriptions that were generated, suggesting not only that there is consensus about the events making up these activities but also that this knowledge is readily accessible. In their second experiment Bower et al. investigated the constituent structure of these knowledge representations, by assessing the extent to which subjects agree about the division of familiar event sequences into separate units, or "scenes." They wrote 10 simple stories, each of which described the events involved in a script, and asked undergraduates to put slash marks after clauses or sentences that they considered to form natural boundaries within the story. Good agreement was found among subjects about where the boundaries between scenes occurred.

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“…increased similarity between subjects who belong to the same class, Given the increasing popularity of the free-sort experimental paradigm, data of this form are becoming common in the cognitive psychology literature. The reader is referred to Mandler (1967), Pollard-Gott, McCloskey, andTodres (1979), Anglin (1970), and Mirkin (1979) for substantive applications.…”

Section: Proximities Between Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of variance procedures based on a proximity measure between subjects.

Hubert¹,

Golledge²,

Costanzo³

1982

Psychological Bulletin

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Analysis of variance techniques are presented for the problem of ^-independent and AT-dependent samples when the data provided by each subject are used to generate a numerical proximity measure between subjects. The term proximity refers to any index of similarity or correspondence a researcher wishes to define, usually from the responses that subjects have provided to a set of objects or items. Differences between the ^-independent or AT-dependent samples are tested by evaluating the patterning of these proximities in relation to an appropriate randomization model. The usual univariate analysis of -variance methods based on randomization can be interpreted as special cases of the more general procedures. Finally, to illustrate the discussion we present a numerical example that deals with the subjective evaluation of criminal activity over a set of California cities.

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Subjective story structure∗

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

The Characteristics, Identification, and Applications of Frames

The Characteristics, Identification, and Applications of Frames

Subjective judgments of script structure.

Analysis of variance procedures based on a proximity measure between subjects.

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