Subjective patients’ opinion and evaluation of halitosis using halimeter and organoleptic scores

Iwanicka-Grzegorek, Ewa; Michalik, Joanna; Kepa, Jadwiga K.; Wierzbicka, Maria; Aleksinski, M; Pierzynowska, Elżbieta

doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01101.x

Cited by 46 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Nevertheless, many studies have shown a positive correlation between an individual's self-perception about his oral health and his real condition, considering that self-perception is a predictor of oral status and may even be used as a therapeutic planning tool. 31,32 Moreover, from a clinical perspective, individual-centered outcomes have been more frequently used in the dental literature, and self-reported halitosis fits this scenario well. The strengths of this study may also include the sample size and the high response rate, which allowed applying multivariable analytical models that control confounding factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors

et al. 2016

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Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factorsAbstract: Halitosis is still poorly studied in young adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of self-reported halitosis and associate it with demographic and behavioral factors in young adult dental students. This cross-sectional study was designed as a census of students enrolled in three initial and three final semesters of a dental course in a Brazilian public university. Of 284 eligible students, 257 (90.5%) completed a self-administered questionnaire. Self-reported halitosis was the primary study outcome, and was assessed with the question "do you feel you have bad breath?". Data on age, gender, frequency of tooth brushing and interproximal cleaning, tongue cleaning, mouth rinse use and dry mouth were collected using the questionnaire, and were considered independent variables. Of the students surveyed, 26.5% reported as never, 51.7% as rarely, 21.4% as sometimes, and 0.4% as always feeling they had halitosis. Morning halitosis was reported by 90.6% of those who reported halitosis. In the final multiple model, last semester students had a 55% lower chance of reporting halitosis, compared with students from the first semesters [odds ratio (OR) 0.46; 95%CI 0.24-0.89]. Women had a 2.57fold higher chance of reporting halitosis (OR = 2.57; 95%CI 1.12-5.93). Dry mouth increased the chance of self-reported halitosis 3.95-fold, compared with absence of dry mouth (OR = 3.95; 95%CI 2.03-7.68). It can be concluded that self-reports of halitosis were low among dental students, but may represent an important complaint. Gender, dry mouth and level of college education of the dentist were factors significantly associated with self-reported halitosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors

et al. 2016

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“…This has been argued in the literature where one study showed a weak correlation between objective and self-reported halitosis [31]. In contrast, Iwanicka-Grzegorek et al ., [32] reported an agreement between self-perceived and objective evaluation of halitosis. Objective methods for measuring halitosis are organoleptic measurement, gas chromatography, and sulfide monitoring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Self Reported Halitosis in Relation to Glycated Hemoglobin Level in Diabetic Patients

Al-Zahrani

Zawawi

Austah³

et al. 2011

TODENTJ

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Objective:This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c) and halitosis status among diabetic patients affected with periodontitis and to examine if there is a relationship between halitosis and different periodontal parameters. Methods and Materials:Consecutive type 2 diabetic patients were recruited from patients presented for treatment at a University hospital. Age, gender and smoking were recorded. A structured questionnaire on patients’ perception of their oral health, halitosis and diabetes severity and control was completed. Peripheral blood samples were obtained and analyzed for HbA1c levels. In addition, periodontal clinical parameters including probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and plaque scores were recorded. Results:A total of 38 type 2 diabetic patients were selected. The mean age was 52.1 (±8.8) years. Sixteen subjects (42.1%) reported halitosis. Of these, 62.5% were females, and only one subject was a current smoker. The mean levels of HbA1c were significantly different between those with and without halitosis, mean 9.6 (±2) and 8.2 (±1.6), respectively (p=0.03). No significant differences were found in the mean periodontal parameters between those with and without halitosis. Conclusion:The results of this study suggest an association between halitosis and increased levels of HbA1c. Further studies are needed to explain the nature of this association.

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“…Previous studies in clinical populations suggest poor agreement, 1,4 leading to the concept that there is a "bad breath paradox-people suffering from breath odor being completely unaware of their problem, whereas others are convinced that they have a problem where nothing was found" 7 Conversely, self-assessment of halitosis appears to be both more reliable and more valid in a general population than in highly selected patients. 4,5,14 A recent study 15 suggested that self-estimated halitosis is a fair to good predictor of the presence of objective halitosis, which was considered present if the average level of volatile sulfur compounds was ≥125 ppb and the organoleptic measurement using a 0-5-point scale was ≥2 (sensitivity= 89.0%; specificity=61.4%). Moreover, "objective measurement [sulphide monitoring or gas chromatography] of breath components is rarely used in routine clinical practice, as it is expensive and time consuming."…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-reported Halitosis and Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease in the General Population

et al. 2008

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BACKGROUND:Patients with halitosis contact primary care practitioners, dentists, and gastroenterologists alike. OBJECTIVES:It is unclear whether gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a risk factor for halitosis. DESIGN AND PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS:We studied this possible relationship in the general population using the cross-sectional Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Employing structured interviews, self-reported halitosis was assessed among 417 edentulous (toothless) subjects aged 40 to 81 years and among 2,588 dentate subjects aged 20 to 59 years. The presence of heartburn or acid regurgitation (GERD-related symptoms) at 4 levels (absent, mild, moderate, severe) was taken as exposure and used for logistic regression. Analyses were adjusted for relevant confounders, such as age, sex, depressive symptoms, history of chronic gastritis, history of gastric or duodenal ulcer, smoking, school education, and dental status. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:We found a strong positive association between GERD-related symptoms and halitosis (odds ratio 12.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.66-63.09, P = 0.002 for severe compared to no GERD-related symptoms) in denturewearing subjects and a moderate, positive association between GERD-related symptoms and halitosis (odds ratio 2.24, 95% CI 1.27-3.92, P = 0.005) in dentate subjects with a clear dose-effect relationship. CONCLUSIONS:The present study provides clear evidence for an association between GERD and halitosis. As there are effective treatments for GERD, these results suggest treatment options, such as proton pump inhibitors, for halitosis. These should be studied in randomized controlled trials.

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Subjective patients’ opinion and evaluation of halitosis using halimeter and organoleptic scores

Abstract: A statistically significant correlation was found between clinical organoleptic diagnosis of halitosis and VSC level by halimeter. Subjective patients' opinion correlated well with objective evaluation of halitosis.

Cited by 46 publications

References 6 publications

Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors

Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors

Self Reported Halitosis in Relation to Glycated Hemoglobin Level in Diabetic Patients

Self-reported Halitosis and Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease in the General Population

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