Subject to Negotiation: The Mechanisms Behind Co-Optation and Corporate Reform

Activists and Incumbents Structuring Change: The Interplay of Agency, Culture, and Networks in Field Evolution

“…Moreover, activists dissatisfied, demoralized, or disillusioned with results achieved may withdraw their energy, skills, and experience from the movement (Gamson, 1990). Conversely, those in favor of collaborative work may fail to either push for changes or be sufficiently critical, because they want to maintain the acceptance of a field (Trumpy, 2008). In either case, movement activity will decline and have little impact on the field under challenge.…”

“…Some movements may maintain a purist ideology that maintains incumbents as critical enemies (Hoffman, 2006), but these movements risk becoming irrelevant as the field under challenge resists change and movement energy eventually subsides (Gamson, 1990;Tarrow, 1998). Other movements may attempt lo collaborale but become coopted, with little change resulting (Trumpy, 2008). Still others may develop organizational structures that maintain the boundaries between the opposing groups and only allow them to collaborate on particular issues or projects (O'Mahony & Bechky, 2008), limiting opportunities for creative work and member recruitment.…”

Lights and Shadows of Business-Nonprofit Partnerships: The Role of Nonprofit Learning and Empowerment in this Ethical Puzzle

“…Grounding in critical social theory, co-optation can be defined as the capacity of an organization to "bring the interests of a challenging group into alignment with its own goals" [9] (p. 11), quoted from Trumpy [37] (p. 480), in such a way that "co-opted NGOs are gradually absorbed and their organizational identity is compromised" [9] (p. 11).…”

Deliberative protests? Persuading politicians not to close schools in Swedish municipalities

“…Several prior studies have examined protest mobilization as "communicative practices" (Batel and Castro 2014) and have emphasized that particular framing strategies are needed for movements to achieve their goals (Cress and Snow 2000, McCammon et al 2007, McCammon et al 2001, McVeight et al 2003, Trumpy 2008. Although valuable and important, these studies may not account for the full persuasive potential of activists' claims (cf.…”