Subarachnoid ketamine in swine?pathological findings after repeated doses: Acute toxicity study*1

Errando, C.L.

doi:10.1016/s1098-7339(99)90076-7

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…1 Anesthetic drugs such as ketamine, the main type of dissociative group, are considered to be potentiallyharmful to the cardiovascular system. 1,2 Ketamine, a phencyclidine derivative, is commercially available in racemic form or as an S (+) purified isomer. The racemic form consists of a mixture of S(+) and R(-)isomers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of serum enzymatic markers of cardiomyocytes injury in female dogs submitted to ketamine S(+), atropin and xylazine association

Franco¹,

Fíoravantí²,

Damasceno³

et al. 2009

Acta Cir. Bras.

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Purpose: To assessment of the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase isoenzyme fraction MB (CK-MB) serum activity in female dogs anesthetized with ketamine S (+), atropine and xylazine in several associations. Methods: Twenty three healthy female dogs randomly distributed in four groups named as GI (n=6), GII (n=6), GIII (n=6) and GIV (n=5) were treated respectively with atropine and ketamine S(+) (0.04mg/kg; 10 mg/kg); ketamine S(+) (10 mg/kg); atropine, xylazine and ketamine S(+) (0.04mg/kg; 1.1 mg/kg; 10 mg/kg) and xylazine and ketamine S(+) (1.1 mg/kg; 10 mg/kg). AST, CK and CK-MB serum activity measurement before pre-medication (M0) and one, two, three, six, 12, 24, 36 hours after. Results: There was no significant change in AST, CK e CK-MB serum activity among groups. However, CK serum activity in relation to moments within the groups was increased in all groups over the time in spite of treatment, except GI.In relation to CK-MB activity, in the moments within the group, it was observed an increase compared to baseline in all groups. Conclusion: Creatine kinase and creatine kinase fraction MB isoenzyme showed changes in their mean values remained higher than baseline for a longer time in GIII and GIV. Key words: Isoenzymes. Atropine. Xylazine. Heart. Ischemia. Anesthetics, Dissociative. Dogs. RESUMOObjetivo: Determinar a atividade sérica de AST, CK e CK-MB em cadelas anestesiadas com cetamina S (+), atropina e xilazina em diferentes associações. Métodos: Vinte e três cadelas saudáveis foram distribuídas ao acaso em quarto grupos denominados GI (n=6), GII (n=6), GIII (n=6) e GIV (n=5) tratados respectivamente com atropina e cetamina S (+) (0,04mg/kg; 10 mg/kg); cetamina S (+) (10 mg/kg); atropina, xilazina e cetamina S (+) (0,04mg/kg; 1,1 mg/kg; 10 mg/kg) exilazina e cetamina S (+) (1,1 mg/kg; 10 mg/kg). A atividade sérica de AST, CK e CK-MB foi determinada antes da pré-medicação (M0) e uma, duas, três seis, 12, 24 e 36 horas após M0. Resultados: Não foram encontradas mudanças significativas na atividade sérica de AST, CK e CK-MB entre grupos. Entretanto, entre momentos houve aumento da atividade sérica de CK para todos os grupos, exceto em GI.Com relação a atividade sérica de CK-MB, observou-se ao longo dos momentos aumento significativo com relação aos valores basais em ambos os grupos. Conclusão: Alterações significativas foram observadas com relação à atividade sérica de CK e CK-MB em todos os tratamentos, mantendo-se elevada por um período maior nos grupos GIII e GIV.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of serum enzymatic markers of cardiomyocytes injury in female dogs submitted to ketamine S(+), atropin and xylazine association

Franco¹,

Fíoravantí²,

Damasceno³

et al. 2009

Acta Cir. Bras.

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“…In previous reports, the preservative benzethonium chloride was found to be moderately neurotoxic. 4,11 However, we did not find any alterations indicating that this preservative produced any ultrastructural alteration in the meningeal cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…The sample size was decided in accordance with the 3 R's ethical principle: replace, reduce, and refine. 21 Studies with repeated doses of intrathecal racemic ketamine in rabbits and pigs found no alterations either in the ultrastructural neurohistopathology of the spinal cord 10,11 or in the physiology of the blood flow in the spinal cord or the bloodbrain barrier. 11 The isomer S(ϩ)-ketamine seems more advantageous, and its epidural administration for effective postoperative analgesia has been described in humans and dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 Studies with repeated doses of intrathecal racemic ketamine in rabbits and pigs found no alterations either in the ultrastructural neurohistopathology of the spinal cord 10,11 or in the physiology of the blood flow in the spinal cord or the bloodbrain barrier. 11 The isomer S(ϩ)-ketamine seems more advantageous, and its epidural administration for effective postoperative analgesia has been described in humans and dogs. 15,16 Epidural use of S(ϩ)-ketamine has not yet been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and studies on its neurotoxicity are lacking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Although initial studies of the neurotoxic effect of intrathecal racemic ketamine [4][5][6][7][8] presented inconsistent results, more recent studies have not found histological alterations in rabbits and pigs. [9][10][11][12] Epidural administration of racemic ketamine is becoming a frequent clinical practice despite the lack of approval for clinical use or confirmation of lack of toxicity in humans. 13 The use of racemic ketamine is limited, however, because of its dose-dependent secondary effects.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Bombí

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Subarachnoid ketamine in swine?pathological findings after repeated doses: Acute toxicity study*1

Abstract: Clinically, in swine, subarachnoid ketamine without preservative is a safe and effective anesthetic and did not show significant neurotoxic effects. However, ketamine with preservative produces minimal changes, and benzethonium chloride alone produces moderate neurotoxic effects.

Cited by 19 publications

References 24 publications

Assessment of serum enzymatic markers of cardiomyocytes injury in female dogs submitted to ketamine S(+), atropin and xylazine association

Assessment of serum enzymatic markers of cardiomyocytes injury in female dogs submitted to ketamine S(+), atropin and xylazine association

Ultrastructure of Canine Meninges After Repeated Epidural Injection of S(+)-Ketamine

Spinal Delivery and Assessment of Drug Safety

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