Sub-Gigahertz Inter-Technology Interference. How Harmful is it for LoRa?

Haxhibeqiri, Jetmir; Shahid, Adnan; Saelens, Martijn; Bauwens, Jan; Jooris, Bart; Poorter, Eli De; Hoebeke, Jeroen

doi:10.1109/isc2.2018.8656742

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Adjacent-channel interference issues between long-term evolution and LoRa systems in the 2.4 GHz band were discussed in [6], though no adjacent-channel interference within LoRa systems was mentioned. In [7], an interference measurement setup for LoRa, Sigfox, Z-Wave, and io-homecontrol revealed a payload loss in sub-1-GHz technologies, though it did not determine the relationship between payload loss caused by interference and other communication parameters.…”

Section: Related Work 21 Related Work On Adjacent Interference In Loramentioning

confidence: 98%

Adjacent Interference of LoRa for Large-scale Livestock Monitoring

Luo

Ito

2021

IJNC

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Recently, ad hoc networks have been widely used because of the progress of the Internet of Things (IoT). A long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) is one of a number of low-cost wide-area networking technologies and has been drawing attention because of its outstanding performance in long-range low-power communication. LoRa is an implementation of LoRaWAN that is now used in many applications, including grazing management for livestock monitoring. LoRa uses carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) to improve resilience against interference. However, in our personal experience implementing livestockmonitoring networks using LoRa, we have encountered performance degradation issues due to collisions among channels. In this paper, we first explain the problems that we encountered. Then, we explain the experiments undertaken herein to investigate these problems. Finally, we propose a solution and evaluate its effectiveness based on a simulation, which simulated real-world conditions. In the preliminary experiment, we used two transmitters to measure interference at different channel distances, bandwidths (BWs), and spreading factors (SFs) and found that a closer channel, smaller BW, and/or larger SF led to a higher carrier sense rate and greater interference distance. Thus, we proposed a cellular communication network for channel allocation to reduce adjacent-channel interference and a duration division mode to solve the insufficient channel issue. The calculations demonstrated that the proposed solution can monitor approximately 3,000 cows in a pasture with an area of 4 × 4 km 2 .

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Section: Related Work 21 Related Work On Adjacent Interference In Loramentioning

confidence: 98%

Adjacent Interference of LoRa for Large-scale Livestock Monitoring

Luo

Ito

2021

IJNC

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“…In [ 64 ], impact of SigFox, Z-Wave and IO Home Control on LoRa has been measured by means of a controllable setup in an RF-shielded environment. The controllable parameters during measurements were: power and time difference between the main transmission and the interferer, and SF used by LoRa transmitter.…”

Section: Physical Layer Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of LoRaWAN for IoT: From Technology to Application

Haxhibeqiri

Poorter

Moerman

et al. 2018

Sensors

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415

213

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LoRaWAN is one of the low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies that have received significant attention by the research community in the recent years. It offers low-power, low-data rate communication over a wide range of covered area. In the past years, the number of publications regarding LoRa and LoRaWAN has grown tremendously. This paper provides an overview of research work that has been published from 2015 to September 2018 and that is accessible via Google Scholar and IEEE Explore databases. First, a detailed description of the technology is given, including existing security and reliability mechanisms. This literature overview is structured by categorizing papers according to the following topics: (i) physical layer aspects; (ii) network layer aspects; (iii) possible improvements; and (iv) extensions to the standard. Finally, a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis is presented along with the challenges that LoRa and LoRaWAN still face.

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“…Table 1 lists relevant empirical approaches in terms of general testing principles. For example, the setup from Haxhibeqiri et al [9] (Figure 1) contains a µ-controller which handles the transmission timings of a single LoRa [10] transmitter and a single interferer. The Radio Frequency (RF) output of each transmitter connects to its own controllable attenuator.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Test # SIRs c Time Overlap [9] LoRa CSS In a secondary effort, the effect of interference starting during the LoRa preamble was investigated for ten SIR levels between −25 dB and +25 dB (instead of two), all using the same setup/testing procedure. As pointed out by Fuxjaeger and Ruehrup [8], testing at different SIR levels is imperative to characterizing what is known as the capture effect, i.e., the possibility that "the collision of two [or more] frames in a shared channel may not destroy both frames."…”

Section: Baselinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides legacy OQPSK, four OFDM option/Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) combinations were chosen. Their setup [15] (Figure 3) is similar to [14] (Figure 1), the main differences being: the use of RF shielding enclosures like in [9] (Figure 3), and the near 100% time-overlap between interference and useful transmissions. Much akin to [14], the useful transmit power was fixed while the interferer was first turned off (SIR = ∞) before its transmit power was varied.…”

Section: Baselinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Intra-Network Interference Robustness: An Empirical Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4-2015 SUN-OFDM

et al. 2020

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While IEEE 802.15.4 and its Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) medium access mode were developed as a wireless substitute for reliable process monitoring in industrial environments, most deployments use a single/static physical layer (PHY) configuration. Instead of limiting all links to the throughput and reliability of a single Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), you can dynamically re-configure the PHY of link endpoints according to the context. However, such modulation diversity causes links to coincide in time/frequency space, resulting in poor reliability if left unchecked. Nonetheless, to some level, intentional spatial overlap improves resource efficiency while partially preserving the benefits of modulation diversity. Hence, we measured the mutual interference robustness of certain Smart Utility Network (SUN) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) configurations, as a first step towards combining spatial re-use and modulation diversity. This paper discusses the packet reception performance of those PHY configurations in terms of Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) and time-overlap percentage between interference and targeted parts of useful transmissions. In summary, we found SUN-OFDM O3 MCS1 and O4 MCS2 performed best. Consequently, one should consider them when developing TSCH scheduling mechanisms in the search for resource efficient ubiquitous connectivity through modulation diversity and spatial re-use.

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Sub-Gigahertz Inter-Technology Interference. How Harmful is it for LoRa?

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

Adjacent Interference of LoRa for Large-scale Livestock Monitoring

Adjacent Interference of LoRa for Large-scale Livestock Monitoring

A Survey of LoRaWAN for IoT: From Technology to Application

Intra-Network Interference Robustness: An Empirical Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4-2015 SUN-OFDM

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