Sub-anesthetic Xenon Increases Erythropoietin Levels in Humans: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Stoppe, Christian; Ney, Julia; Brenke, Martin; Goetzenich, Andreas; Emontzpohl, Christoph; Schälte, Gereon; Grottke, Oliver; Moeller, Manfred R.; Rossaint, Rolf; Coburn, Mark

doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0505-1

Cited by 28 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…No trials have been performed evaluating these effects on erythropoiesis or performance in healthy volunteers, let alone athletes, as can be seen in the review by Ebert and Jelkmann [42]. More recently, a study claimed to show the effects of xenon on erythropoietin production in healthy volunteers [43], but the statistics of the study have been criticized [44]. Small molecule HIFs are in clinical development but have not yet been approved for clinical use.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of WADA Prohibited Substances: Limited Evidence for Performance-Enhancing Effects

Heuberger

Cohen

2018

Sports Med

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The World Anti-Doping Agency is responsible for maintaining a Prohibited List that describes the use of substances and methods that are prohibited for athletes. The list currently contains 23 substance classes, and an important reason for the existence of this list is to prevent unfair competition due to pharmacologically enhanced performance. The aim of this review was to give an overview of the available evidence for performance enhancement of these substance classes. We searched the scientific literature through PubMed for studies and reviews evaluating the effects of substance classes on performance. Findings from double-blind, randomized controlled trials were considered as evidence for (the absence of) effects if they were performed in trained subjects measuring relevant performance outcomes. Only 5 of 23 substance classes show evidence of having the ability to enhance actual sports performance, i.e. anabolic agents, β2-agonists, stimulants, glucocorticoids and β-blockers. One additional class, growth hormone, has similar evidence but only in untrained subjects. The observed effects all relate to strength or sprint performance (and accuracy for β-blockers); there are no studies showing positive effects on reliable markers of endurance performance. For 11 classes, no well-designed studies are available, and, for the remaining six classes, there is evidence of an absence of a positive effect. In conclusion, for the majority of substance classes, no convincing evidence for performance enhancement is available, while, for the remaining classes, the evidence is based on a total of only 266 subjects from 11 studies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of WADA Prohibited Substances: Limited Evidence for Performance-Enhancing Effects

Heuberger

Cohen

2018

Sports Med

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“…[49] Furthermore, krypton is expected to have potential and less expensive erythropoiesis-stimulating effects. Serious concerns have, thus, been alleged about the potential misuse of xenon and krypton as doping agents in equine sports.…”

Section: Nickelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Fragkaki

Kioukia‐Fougia

Kiousi

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The artificial increase of the physical capability of horses using drugs is well known in racing and other equine sports. Both illicit and therapeutic substances are regarded as prohibited substances in competition in most countries. Some countries make distinctions for a few, specific drugs which are, however, allowed for use in other countries. The primary objective in the case of doping control is the detection of any trace of drug exposure, either parent drug or any of its metabolites, using the most powerful analytical methods which are generally based on chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. Of major concern in horseracing is the absence of a single organization regulating the anti-doping framework; instead of this, individual racing authorities provide rules and regulations often resulting in variations in the applied doping control programmes of different countries. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature (approximately from 2012 to mid-2016) to highlight the numerous and diverse challenges faced in doping control of racing and equestrian sports, including the detection of designer drugs (anabolic steroids or stimulants) and of other emerging prohibited substances, such as peptides and noble gases in horse urine and plasma. Moreover, the application of 'omics' techniques (especially of metabolomics) deserves attention for establishing possible fingerprints of drug abuse as well as the evolution of instrumental analysis resulting a powerful ally in the fight against doping in equine sports.

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“…In particular, the growth factor EPO is considered to offer an exciting therapeutic strategy for the treatment of disorders that result in cell injury and cell death especially since it is intimately involved with mTOR signaling (Table 1) (85, 200–207). EPO has the capacity to offer protection against a number of disease entities (208–212) as well as enhanced biological activity (213, 214). For example, EPO has been reported to improve clinical outcome during development (215), neurodegenerative disorders (216), stroke (217–222), aging (223), TBI (32, 224), vascular disease (217–222), depression (208, 225), and metabolic disturbances (63, 211, 226, 227).…”

Section: Erythropoietin and The Modulation Of Mtormentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythropoietin and mTOR: A “One-Two Punch” for Aging-Related Disorders Accompanied by Enhanced Life Expectancy

Maiese¹

2016

CNR

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Life expectancy continues to increase throughout the world, but is accompanied by a rise in the incidence of non-communicable diseases. As a result, the benefits of an increased lifespan can be limited by aging-related disorders that necessitate new directives for the development of effective and safe treatment modalities. With this objective, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a 289-kDa serine/threonine protein, and its related pathways of mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2), proline rich Akt substrate 40 kDa (PRAS40), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), Wnt signaling, and silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), have generated significant excitement for furthering novel therapies applicable to multiple systems of the body. Yet, the biological and clinical outcome of these pathways can be complex especially with oversight of cell death mechanisms that involve apoptosis and autophagy. Growth factors, and in particular erythropoietin (EPO), are one avenue under consideration to implement control over cell death pathways since EPO can offer potential treatment for multiple disease entities and is intimately dependent upon mTOR signaling. In experimental and clinical studies, EPO appears to have significant efficacy in treating several disorders including those involving the developing brain. However, in mature populations that are affected by aging-related disorders, the direction for the use of EPO to treat clinical disease is less clear that may be dependent upon a number of factors including the understanding of mTOR signaling. Continued focus upon the regulatory elements that control EPO and mTOR signaling could generate critical insights for targeting a broad range of clinical maladies.

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Sub-anesthetic Xenon Increases Erythropoietin Levels in Humans: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract: The present study presents first evidence about a xenon-induced effect on increased erythropoietin levels in healthy volunteers. The study was registered at the European Medicines Agency (EudraCT-number: 2014-000973-38) and at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT number: 02129400).

Cited by 28 publications

References 42 publications

Review of WADA Prohibited Substances: Limited Evidence for Performance-Enhancing Effects

Review of WADA Prohibited Substances: Limited Evidence for Performance-Enhancing Effects

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Erythropoietin and mTOR: A “One-Two Punch” for Aging-Related Disorders Accompanied by Enhanced Life Expectancy

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