Styrene impregnated, cobalt-60 irradiated, graphite electrode for anodic stripping analysis

Clem, Ray G.; Sciamanna, A. F.

doi:10.1021/ac60352a028

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It was found that for a solution of 8% (w/v) polymer and 5% (v/v) monomer in methanol, gel formation occurred at around 10 Mrad. At dosages above 20 Mrad, a hard, rubbery solid was produced. When monomer was absent, an 8% (w/v) methanolic polymer solution did not gel until 20 Mrad, and the solid produced at this and at higher dosages was fragile and easily disrupted with a spatula.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma-irradiated polymer-modified graphite electrodes with enhanced response to catechol

Coury¹,

Birch²,

Heineman³

1988

Anal. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma-irradiated polymer-modified graphite electrodes with enhanced response to catechol

Coury¹,

Birch²,

Heineman³

1988

Anal. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Smaller and more complicated CEs are difficult to make. To assemble carbon CEs, a broad range of binders including wax, ionic liquids, epoxy, and plastics such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), − Teflon, , and polyethylene − have been used. While carbon CEs are easy to fabricate, they generally suffer from low conductivity and slow electron-transfer kinetics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lack of use of PMMA as a binder is odd considering its low cost, ready availability, solubility in a variety of solvents, and popular use in analytical devices . Methacrylate thermoplastic CEs are known but have largely relied on either complex fabrication methods , or methods that limit patterning . More recently, an in situ polymerization method for making PMMA:carbon nanotube electrochemical devices was developed, , as well as an impregnation technique to fabricate PMMA:graphite electrodes .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patternable Solvent-Processed Thermoplastic Graphite Electrodes

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since their invention in the 1950s, composite carbon electrodes have been employed in a wide variety of applications, ranging from batteries and fuel cells to chemical sensors, because they are easy to make and pattern at millimeter scales. Despite their widespread use, traditional carbon composite electrodes have substandard electrochemistry relative to metallic and glassy carbon electrodes. As a result, there is a critical need for new composite carbon electrodes that are highly electrochemically active, have universal and easy fabrication into complex geometries, are highly conductive, and are low cost. Herein, a new solvent-based method is presented for making low-cost composite graphite electrodes containing a thermoplastic binder. The electrodes, which are termed thermoplastic electrodes (TPEs), are easy to fabricate and pattern, give excellent electrochemical performance, and have high conductivity (700 S m). The thermoplastic binder enables the electrodes to be hot embossed, molded, templated, and/or cut with a CO laser into a variety of intricate patterns. Crucially, these electrodes show a marked improvement in peak current, peak separation, and resistance to charge transfer over traditional carbon electrodes. The impact of electrode composition, surface treatment (sanding, polishing, plasma treatment), and graphite source were found to significantly impact fabrication, patterning, conductivity, and electrochemical performance. Under optimized conditions, electrodes generated responses similar to more expensive and difficult to fabricate graphene and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite electrodes. The TPE electrode system reported here provides a new approach for fabricating high performance carbon electrodes with utility in applications ranging from sensing to batteries.

show abstract

“…Typically, these materials are fabricated by suspending a powdered conductor in a polymeric matrix, analogous to the formation of the popular carbon paste (composite) electrode (1), and have included composites fabricated from various epoxies and graphite (2), Teflon and graphite (3), polyethylene and carbon black (4), silicone rubber and graphite (5), Kel-F and graphite (6), and Kel-F and silver (7). Alternatively, a porous conductor can be impregnated with an insulating polymer, and this approach has produced the wax- (8), the styrene- (9) and the epoxy-resin-impregnated (10) graphite electrodes as well as the epoxy-impregnated reticulated vitreous carbon electrode (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%