On the nature of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) composite electrode surfaces

Petersen, Steven L.; Weisshaar, Duane E.; Tallman, Dennis E.; Schulze, R.; Evans, John F.; DesJarlais, Scott E.; Engstrom, Royce C.

doi:10.1021/ac00172a013

Cited by 24 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The segregation of the gold within this material is clearly evident, and the fractional coverage o f the surface by gold agrees closely with the volume fraction (f = 0.14) o f gold in the composite. Similar surface morphology is observed for Kel-F/silver [45][46][47] and Kel-F/ platinum [47,481 composite electrodes, although the de- tailed structure of the active regions o f such composites is influenced by conductor particle geometry and size dispersity [ 48). The electrochemically active area o f such composite materials has been probed by capacitance measurements [ 46,471, chronoamperometry [48], X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XI'S) [ 461, and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) imaging [ 461.…”

Section: Composite Electrode Surface Morphologymentioning

confidence: 66%

“…These measurements confirm that virtually all metal on the surface of these composites supports electron transfer. In contrast, XPS measurements at the Kel-F/graphite electrode reveal that a significant portion of the surface graphite is nonconducting and, thus, incapable o f supporting electron transfer [46]. It is quite likely that this "insulated" graphite results (during surface polishing) from small graphitic particles that are dislodged from active graphite regions and embedded in surrounding polymer ECL imaging, developed by Engstrom and co-workers 159, 601, is a particularly powerful way of visualizing the distribution of electroactive regions on the surface of a composite electrode.…”

Section: Composite Electrode Surface Morphologymentioning

confidence: 88%

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Composite electrodes for electroanalysis: Principles and applications

1990

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A composite electrode has a surface that consists of an ordered arrangement (array) or a random arrangement (ensemble) of conductor regions, typically micrometers in dimension, separated from one another by an insulator. These active regions (or microelectrodes) may themselves be of regular geometry and confined primarily to the surface, as with most array electrodes, or of irregular geometry and permeate the bulk of the material, as with most ensemble electrodes. In this review, we classify composite electrodes according to the distribution of a conductor and insulator within the material (or on the surface), survey a number of the fabrication schemes used to construct composite electrodes, discuss percolation theory as it applies to certain composite electrodes, examine the surface morphology of selected composite materials, discuss the origins of the enhancement in current density observed at many composite electrodes in both quiescent and flowing solutions, and provide a few examples illustrating the applications of composite electrodes t o real analytical problems.

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Section: Composite Electrode Surface Morphologymentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Composite Electrode Surface Morphologymentioning

confidence: 88%

Composite electrodes for electroanalysis: Principles and applications

1990

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“…Moreover, ECL has proven to be effective in the study of highly energetic electron-transfer reactions [8 ± 12] as well as in the development of selective and sensitive detection methodologies for chemical analysis [11,14]. Among chemiluminescent reagents, Ru(II)tris(2,2'-bipyridine) (Ru(bpy) 3 2 ) has gained wide attention as it is well suited for chemical analysis of different organic species [15] owing to its ability to undergo ECL reactions both in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions and to its good chemical and electrochemical stability. However, some drawbacks are still encountered above all when detection in flowing solution is required such as in flow injection analysis (FIA) or in HPLC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The direct immobilization of the chemiluminescent reagent on the electrode surface reduces the consumption of reagents and allows one to avoid the use of an extra pump to deliver the reagent to the electrochemical cell in the case of a detection under flowing conditions. Different approaches have been developed, including the immobilization of Ru(bpy) 3 2 in polymer layers such as Nafion [16,17] on electrode surfaces or the direct attachment to an electrode as a monolayer via Langmuir-Blodgett or self-assembly techniques [18,19]. ECL has been also observed from electropolymerized films of Ru(bpy) 3 2 derivatives [20], and Ru derivatives trapped in ionic polymer or bound to a polymer framework [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different approaches have been developed, including the immobilization of Ru(bpy) 3 2 in polymer layers such as Nafion [16,17] on electrode surfaces or the direct attachment to an electrode as a monolayer via Langmuir-Blodgett or self-assembly techniques [18,19]. ECL has been also observed from electropolymerized films of Ru(bpy) 3 2 derivatives [20], and Ru derivatives trapped in ionic polymer or bound to a polymer framework [21]. Moreover, ruthenium bipyridine based electrodes have been recently prepared using electrode coated with chitosan encapsulated with Ru(bpy) 3 2 /silica gel membrane [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Construction and Characterization of Ru(II)Tris(bipyridine)‐Based Silica Thin Film Electrochemiluminescent Sensors

Armelao¹,

Bertoncello

Gross

et al. 2003

Electroanalysis

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Ru(II) tris-bipyridine based ECL sensors were produced by embedding the complex inside silica glass thin films deposited via a sol-gel dipping procedure on K-glass conducing substrates. Films were prepared starting from a prehydrolyzed ethanolic solution of Si(OC 2 H 5 ) 4 and Ru(bpy) 3 Cl 2 . Transparent, crack-free and homogeneous reddish silica layers, having a thickness of 200 AE 20 nm, were obtained. The films, either deposited at room temperature or thermally annealed at 100, 200 and 300 8C for 30 h, were structurally and chemically characterized. Ru(bpy) 3 Cl 2 thermal stability was previously checked by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The films were investigated by X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and UV-vis spectroscopy. XPS in-depth profiles revealed a homogeneous distribution of the ruthenium complex inside the silica thin layers. SIMS data suggested that the embedded Ru(bpy) 3 Cl 2 did not react with oxygen inside the oxygen-rich silica matrix to give Ru-O bonds. Electrochemical and ECL characterization of the thin film electrodes were made by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and controlled potential step experiments. The ECL sensor showed a diffusive redox behavior of the Ru(bpy) 3 2 /Ru(bpy) 3 3 system. Light emission produced from the reaction between oxalic acid and the electrogenerated Ru(bpy) 3 3 was larger and stable when thermally treated electrodes were used after a suitable hydration period. The 300 8C treated sample was the best performing sensor both in terms of low complex leakage and sensitivity. Calibration plots relative to oxalic acid were obtained both in stationary and in flowing solutions in the concentration range 2 Â 10 À6 À 3 Â 10 À4 M. A linear behavior appeared in the former case, while in the latter a slight curvature was evident as a consequence of a finite diffusion time of the analyte inside the thin film. The signal repeatability, obtained by multiple 100 mL of 10 À5 M oxalic acid injections in flowing solutions, was better than 4%. The obtained detection limit (computed as three times the standard deviation of the base-line noise) was 10 À6 M as oxalic acid.

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Silica gel modified carbon composite electrodes

Kopanica¹,

Stará²

1991

Electroanalysis

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Carbon composite electrodes modified with silica gel exhibit properties analogous to those of an ultramicroelectrode array in voltammetric measurements. The limiting current in linear scan voltammetry is independent of the potential scan rate in certain scan rate regions. The possibility of using high potential scan rates is advantageous analytically, both in direct voltammetric determinations and in analyses involving accumulation of the analyte on the surface of the working electrode.

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On the nature of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) composite electrode surfaces

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

Composite electrodes for electroanalysis: Principles and applications

Composite electrodes for electroanalysis: Principles and applications

Construction and Characterization of Ru(II)Tris(bipyridine)‐Based Silica Thin Film Electrochemiluminescent Sensors

Silica gel modified carbon composite electrodes

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